Fungicides are either chemicals or biological agents that inhibit the growth of fungi or fungal spores. Modern fungicides do not kill fungi, they simply inhibit growth for a period of days or weeks. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Chemicals...

BACKGROUND Azole resistance is an emerging problem in Aspergillus fumigatus and complicates the management of patients with Aspergillus-related diseases. Selection of azole resistance may occur through exposure to azole fungicides in the environment. In the Netherlands a surveillance network was used to investigate the epidemiology of resistance selection in A. fumigatus. METHODS Clinical A. ...

To the Editor: We read with interest the report by van der Linden et al. about the prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from 19 countries, including 2 from the Americas (Brazil and the United States) (1). Recent reports have suggested a link between use of fungicides in agricultural practices and the presence of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus among azole-naive persons (...

Resistance to triazoles in Aspergillus fumigatus has been reported in azole-naive patients in Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. This resistance has been linked to fungicide-driven mutations in the cyp51A gene and its promoter region. We investigated the presence of environmental azole-resistant A. fumigatus strains related to the use of azole fungicides in Colombia. Soil samples were c...

Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters play an important role in multidrug resistance in fungi. We report an AaMFS19 gene encoding a MFS transporter required for cellular resistance to oxidative stress and fungicides in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. AaMFS19, containing 12 transmembrane domains, displays activity toward a broad range of substrates. Fungal mutants lac...

BACKGROUND A number of synthetic fungicides are not effective when confronted by oomycete pathogens because many fungicide targets are absent from oomycetes. Moreover, resistance to fungicides has already arisen in oomycete species, and thus development of new, effective and safe compounds for use in oomycete disease control is necessary. RESULTS Zoospore lysis began at 10 microg mL(-1) of th...

Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain are caused by kikuchii other spp. The fungus can infect leaves seeds on soybean, the disease is controlled with fungicides. In Brazil, intensive use of fungicides soybean to control diseases such as rust has exerted resistance selection pressure all fungal pathogens that attack in crop. this study, we evaluated sensitivity 56 isolates collected durin...

When a new fungicide class is introduced, it is useful to anticipate the resistance risk in advance, attempting to predict both risk level and potential mechanisms. One tool for the prediction of resistance risk is laboratory selection for resistance, with the mutational supply increased through UV or chemical mutagenesis. This enables resistance to emerge more rapidly than in the field, but ma...