Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3'→5') GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentia...

Cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a well-conserved second messenger in bacteria. During infection, the innate immune system can also sense c-di-GMP; however, whether bacterial pathogens utilize c-di-GMP as a weapon to fight against host defense for survival and possible mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Siderocalin (LCN2) is a key antibacterial component ...

Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a dynamic intracellular signaling molecule that plays a central role in the biofilm life cycle. Current methodologies for the quantification of c-di-GMP are typically based on chemical extraction, representing end point measurements. Chemical methodologies also fail to take into consideration the physiological heterogeneity of the...

Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, purified to homogeneity from bovine lung, was shown to activate hormone-sensitive lipase partially purified from chicken adipose tissue. The degree of activation was the same as that effected by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase although higher concentrations of the cyclic GMP-dependent enzyme were required (relative activities expressed in terms of histon...

C-di-GMP has been well investigated to play significant roles in the physiology of many Gram-negative bacteria. However, its effect on Gram-positive bacteria is less known. In order to more understand the c-di-GMP functions in Gram-positive bacteria, we have carried out a detailed study on the c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes and their physiological functions in Bacillus thuringiensis, a Gram-posi...

1. Abstract 2. Atypical, non-canonical pathways of Wnt-Frizzled signaling 3. Frizzled-2 as a G-protein-coupled receptor 4 Discovery of Gt alpha (transducin) expression in embryonic cells 5. Inhibition of Frizzled-2 signaling by inhibitors of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase 6. Frizzled-2 regulates intracellular concentration of cyclic GMP 7. Inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases blocks develo...

Yersinia pestis forms a biofilm in the foregut of its flea vector that promotes transmission by flea bite. As in many bacteria, biofilm formation in Y. pestis is controlled by intracellular levels of the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. Two Y. pestis diguanylate cyclase (DGC) enzymes, encoded by hmsT and y3730, and one phosphodiesterase (PDE), encoded by hmsP, have been shown to control bio...

In order to evaluation of drought resistant indices in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 10 barley genotypes evaluated in Completely Randomized Design with three Replications in two conditions, (under drought stress and in normal with irrigation in planting, flowering and grain filling stages) in Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch Research Farm in 2012. Drought tolerant indices basis of yield p...

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a C-terminal part (f 106-169) of kappa-casein which is released in whey during cheese making by the action of chymosin. GMP being a biologically active component has gained much attention in the past decade. It also has unique chemical and functional properties. Many of the biological properties have been ascribed to the carbohydrate moieties attached to the peptide. ...

In a bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP)/transcription factor binding screen, we identified Mycobacterium smegmatis Ms6479 as the first c-di-GMP-responsive transcriptional factor in mycobacteria. Ms6479 could specifically bind with c-di-GMP and recognize the promoters of 37 lipid transport and metabolism genes. c-di-GMP could enhance the ability of Ms6479 to bind to it...