Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) can be categorized into roughly 30 distinct subtypes. How these subtypes develop is poorly understood, in part because few unique subtype markers have been characterized. We tested whether the Prdm16 transcription factor is expressed by RGCs as a class or within particular ganglion cell subtypes. Methods Embryonic and mature retinal sections and flatmount ...

In birds, the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) and the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (LM) are retinal-recipient nuclei involved in the analysis of optic flow and the generation of the optokinetic response. The nBOR receives retinal input from displaced ganglion cells (DGCs), which are found at the margin of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, rather than the ganglion cell lay...

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder caused by developmental abnormalities affecting nerves/nuclei innervating muscles. Autosomal dominant CFEOM arises from heterozygous missense mutations KIF21A or TUBB3. Although spatiotemporal expression studies have shown and TUBB3 in developing retinal ganglion cells, it unclear whether exte...

Retinal ganglion cells adapt to changes in visual contrast by adjusting their response kinetics and sensitivity. While much work has focused on the time scales of these adaptation processes, less is known about the spatial scale of contrast adaptation. For example, do small, localized contrast changes affect a cell's signal processing across its entire receptive field? Previous investigations h...

The propagation of visual signals from individual cone photoreceptors through parallel neural circuits was examined in the primate retina. Targeted stimulation of individual cones was combined with simultaneous recording from multiple retinal ganglion cells of identified types. The visual signal initiated by an individual cone produced strong responses with different kinetics in three of the fo...

glaucoma remains one of the major causes of blindness in today's world. the progressive field of stem cell proposes an exciting potential for discovering novel therapies. here, we report the development of an easy and high throughput method for differentiation of retinal ganglion cells (rgc) and bipolar cells from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hadscs) using pax6 (+5a) gen...