Bulbar dysfunction resulting from corticobulbar pathway or brainstem neuron degeneration is one of the most important clinical problems encountered in motor neuron disease (MND) and contributes to various respiratory complications which are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Chronic malnutrition as a consequence of bulbar muscle weakness may have a considerable bearing on respiratory musc...

In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs...

BACKGROUND Perceptual attention enhances the processing of items in the environment, whereas internal attention enhances processing of items encoded in visual working memory. In perceptual and internal attention cueing paradigms, cues indicate the to-be-probed item before (pre-cueing) or after (retro-cueing) the memory display, respectively. Pre- and retro-cues confer similar behavioral accurac...

Retro-aortic left innominate vein is a rare vascular abnormality, usually associated with congenital heart disease. Here we report a case of isolated retro-aortic left innominate vein in an adult female.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To analyze (1) the impact of a protocol of early respiratory evaluation of the indications for home mechanical ventilation (HMV) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and (2) the effects of the protocol and of bulbar involvement on the survival of patients receiving noninvasive ventilation (NIV). DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study in a tertiary care referr...

Retro-aldol reactions have been implicated as the limiting steps in catalytic routes to convert biomass-derived hexoses and pentoses into valuable C2, C3, and C4 products such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, and alkyl esters thereof. Due to a lack of efficient retro-aldol catalysts, most previous investigations of catalytic pathways involvin...

A fraction of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) internalized by cells via receptormediated endocytosis follows a short-circuit pathway, termed "retro-endocytosis," that results in the rapid exocytosis of ligand. Results from the current study suggest that retro-endocytosis of LDL in human fibrobiasts is caused by resurfacing of endocytotic vesicles that contain both free and receptor-bound liga...

Teknik tekstiller son yıllarda kullanımı giderek artan ve estetik özelliklerden daha çok fonksiyonellik özellikleriyle ön plana çıkan özel ürünlerdir. Bu nedenle teknik birçok sektöre hitap edebilen ürünleri yapısında bulundurmaktadır. Retro-reflektif tekstiller, içerisinde yer almakta olup, özellikle iş güvenliği uygulamalarında kullanılmaktadır. çalışmada retro-reflektif hakkında bilgi verilm...