The 1963 LINC (Laboratory INstrument Computer) stands at the center of two stories: the computerization of the biologist's laboratory and the advent of small-scale computing. The brainchild of Wesley Clark, 'the most brilliant computer designer of his generation', LINC was developed specifically to address the failure of biologists to adopt computer technology. To meet their unique needs, Clark...

Many proposals for evaluating cognitive architectures rely partly on an analogy between cognitive science and other sciences. We therefore reflect on the relations between cognitive science, cognitive architectures and other sciences. Some important differences caution against the misguided use of some evaluation approaches. Some unique characteristics of human intelligence motivate the need fo...

I present a language for specifying planning problems in which there are external events, that is, events beyond the direct control of the planner which may happen while a plan is being executed. The language is based on Miller and Shanahan’s representation of narratives in the situation calculus. I describe an implemented planner that produces correct plans for this language, and discuss how s...

Projection in the situation calculus refers to answering queries about the future evolutions of the modeled domain, while progression refers to updating the logical representation of the initial state so that it reflects the changes due to an executed action. In the general case projection is not decidable and progression may require second-order logic. In this paper we focus on a recent result...

In the last decade, many factors, such as socio-political and econo-environmental ones, have led to a perturbation in timeline of worldwide development, especially countries regions having political changes. This us introduce new idea risk estimation taking into account non-uniform changes markets by introducing wavelet analysis. We aim explain econo-political situation Arab spring effect revol...

International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline is relatively new and almost entirely dominated by Western sources of knowledge. Its biased nature undermines its capacity to understand, explain predict events in the non-Western part world. With increasing effort explore IR diversify knowledge discipline, Islam has emerged essential source interest, not necessarily a reflection East–West ...