Cows are known carriers of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), a protozoa that can cause the gastrointestinal illness cryptosporidiosis in humans. Despite this potential exposure, dairy farmers tend to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) protect milk from contamination, rather than themselves zoonotic diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis. In study, cow feces were collected individual cattle...

Influenza causes substantial mortality in high-risk groups despite targeted vaccination programmes. This paper considers whether it is worth vaccinating healthcare workers (HCWs) against influenza to protect high-risk patients in a series of systematic reviews and an economic evaluation. Eighteen studies are included. Vaccination was highly effective in HCWs, with minimal adverse effects. Two t...

In this paper, we develop and apply an economic framework for valuing improvements in health, based on Murphy and Topel (2002). Past improvements in health and longevity have had enormous social value. By our estimation, the contributions to the economic well-being of longer lifetimes have been worth about dollar 73 trillion since 1970, or about dollar 2.6 trillion per year. The average 50-year...

Over the years states have intruded the cyberspace of other states. Does the offending state consider the consequences it may face for the intrusion under international law and/or at international level? Is the position at present so uncertain that a state may decide that the risk is worth taking in view of the problems experienced with establishing attribution or is the injured state being sec...

On behalf of all the authors I would like to thank Sarah Holden for her comments on our recently published article. When designing the study, we recognised that the majority of women receive their contraception from their general practitioner (GP). Our study compares the prescribing habits of GPs in 2005 pre-UK Medical Eligibility Criteria (pre-UKMEC) to those in 2010 (post-UKMEC). Whilst the a...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the benefit and costs of vaccination of university students against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Canada. METHODS Published studies were reviewed and a simulation model was used. RESULTS IMD risk seems to be of low magnitude, but consequences can be dramatic. Over a 10-year period, IMD risk reduction would be slightly greater using a monovalent C conjugate va...

Examined self-reported depressive symptoms in 72 young people with spina bifida, ages 9 to 18:11, and matched able-bodied comparison subjects, using the Dimensions of Depression Profile for Children and Adolescents (Harter & Nowakowski, 1987). Independent variables included gender, self-perceptions (including physical appearance), and perceived social support. Young people with spina bifida wer...