(1) A one-dimensional minimization problem and the Ritz method. (2) Weak formulation and the Galerkin method. Abstract error estimates. (3) The lemma of variations. Euler-Lagrange equations. Weak formulation, again. (4) The Ritz-Galerkin finite element method: philosophy. (5) The piecewise linear finite element space and basis functions. The linear system. (6) The piecewise linear finite elemen...

After reviewing the harmonic Rayleigh–Ritz approach for the standard and generalized eigenvalue problem, we discuss different extraction processes for subspace methods for the polynomial eigenvalue problem. We generalize the harmonic and refined Rayleigh–Ritz approach, which are new approaches to extract promising approximate eigenpairs from a search space. We give theoretical as well as numeri...

As Henri PoincarC once remarked, “solution of a mathematical problem” is a phrase of indefinite meaning. Pure mathematicians sometimes are satisfied with showing that the non-existence of a solution implies a logical contradiction, while engineers might consider a numerical result as thc only reasonable goal. Such one sided views seem to reflect human limitations rather than objective values. I...

This paper considers the finite element approximation of elliptic boundary value problems in divergence form with rough coefficients. The solution of such problems will, in general, be rough, and it is well known that the usual (Ritz or displacement) finite element method will be inaccurate in general. The purpose of the paper is to help clarify the issue of whether the use of mixed variational...

An alternative to the classical Ritz method for approximate optimization is investigated. In the extended Ritz method, sets of admissible solutions are approximated by their intersections with sets of linear combinations of all n-tuples of functions from a given basis. This alternative scheme, called variable-basis approximation, includes functions computable by trigonometric polynomials with f...

The so-called Ritz–Galerkin method is one of the most fundamental tools of modern computing. Its origins lie in Hilbert’s “direct” approach to the variational calculus of Euler– Lagrange and in the thesis of Walther Ritz, who died 100 years ago at the age of 31 after a long battle with tuberculosis. The thesis was submitted in 1902 in Göttingen, during a period of dramatic developments in physi...

pollution has become a very serious threat to our environment. monitoring pollution is the rst step toward planning to save the environment. the use of dierential equations, monitoring pollution has become possible. in this paper, a ritz-collocation method is introduced to solve non-linear oscillatory systems such as modelling the pollution of a system of lakes. the method is based upon bernoul...

The harmonic block Arnoldi method can be used to find interior eigenpairs of large matrices. Given a target point or shift to which the needed interior eigenvalues are close, the desired interior eigenpairs are the eigenvalues nearest and the associated eigenvectors. However, it has been shown that the harmonic Ritz vectors may converge erratically and even may fail to do so. To do a better job...

This paper concerns the Rayleigh–Ritz method for computing an approximation to an eigenspace X of a general matrix A from a subspace W that contains an approximation to X . The method produces a pair (N, X̃) that purports to approximate a pair (L,X), where X is a basis for X and AX = XL. In this paper we consider the convergence of (N, X̃) as the sine of the angle between X andW approaches zero. ...