Privacy and security should be paid much more attention in secure vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, as far as we know, few researches on secure VANET protocols have addressed both the privacy issues and authenticated key establishment. Therefore, in this work, a lightweight authenticated key establishment scheme with privacy preservation to secure the communications between mobile ve...

This study assessed the effects of road-related alteration of substrate, including increased salinity, on vegetation along a meridional gradient in Fennoscandia. Vegetation community composition were surveyed in 29 randomly selected 1-m(2) sized roadside plots. Number of plant species and plant cover (%) on the plots were positively interrelated (p < 0.0001). Both variables also decreased towar...

We propose a hybrid ITS safety architecture that combines vehicle-to-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-roadside sensor communication. Opposed to dedicated roadside units, which require major investments for purchase, installation and maintenance, roadside wireless sensor and networking technology represents a cost-effective solution and can leverage the deployment of the system as a whole. A...

As vehicular networks become popular, more and more people want to access data from their vehicles. When many vehicles want to access data through a roadside unit, service scheduling becomes an important issue. In this paper, we identify some challenges in vehicle-roadside data access. As vehicles move pretty fast, the requests should be served quickly. Also, vehicles may upload data to the roa...

Many methods have been used to survey red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and gray fox (Urocyon dnereoargenteus) populations. However, none has proven entirely satisfactory, and wild foxes remain one of the most difficult economically important wildlife species to monitor. In this study we evaluated the reliability of a snow track survey method for foxes by investigating whether the average number of road ...

Detritus particles derived from the decomposition of vascular plants appear to have a high sorptive capability for a wide range of pollutants. Evidence is presented and reviewed which shows detrital concentration of heavy metals, radionuclides, and organochlorine insecticides. A study of a roadside marsh indicates that lead originating from automobile exhausts may reach concentrations as high a...

Recent studies have identified roadside safety barriers as a cause of severe injuries and fatalities for motorcyclists. Roadside safety barrier have traditionally been designed with limited consideration for motorcyclist safety since the primary focus was on the safety of occupants of enclosed vehicles. Computer simulations of full-scale crashes between motorcyclists and road barriers would pro...

The main objective of this study was to compare the performance of a portable impairment test device known as roadside impairment testing apparatus (RITA) with the field impairment tests (FIT) that are used at the roadside by UK police. One hundred and twenty two healthy volunteers aged 18-70 years took part in this two-period crossover evaluation. The volunteers received a dose of alcohol and ...

The roadside unit (RSU) plays an important role in VANET environments for privacy preservation. In order to conserve the privacy of a vehicle, the issued certificate must be updated frequently via RSUs. If a certificate expires without being updated, the services for the vehicle will be terminated. Therefore, deploying as more as possible RSUs ensures that the certificate can be updated before ...