Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal includes both mechanical instrumentation and antibacterial irrigation, and is principally directed toward the elimination of micro-organisms from the root canal system. A variety of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment. Since their introduction in 1988, nickel-titanium (NiTi) ro...

The C-shaped canal system is an anatomical variation mostly seen in mandibular second molars, although it can also occur in maxillary and other mandibular molars. Such variation in the root canal anatomy is uncommon in mandibular first premolars and very rare in mandibular second premolars. The C-shaped canal is so named for the cross-sectional morphology of the root and root canal. The main an...

background and aims. it is critical to have a proper knowledge of the normal anatomy of the pulp and its variations for the success of endodontic treatment. the aim of this study was to determine the canal configuration and the prevalence of c-shaped canals in mandibular first and second premolars in a north-western iranian population. materials and methods. a total of 163 extracted mandibular ...

Due to limitations in standard endodontic therapy there have been great endeavors to effectively clean, shape and disinfect the root canal system while preserving the natural anatomy of the tooth [1]. Maintaining the natural canal anatomy and preservation of tooth structure has been correlated to higher clinical success rates [2-5]. A major issue in tooth preservation is the need to maximize cl...

the vast majority of mandibular second molars have two roots with three root canals; however, variations in molar root canal anatomy are not uncommon. to the best of our knowledge, four rooted mandibular second molar with three mesial roots and one distal root has never been reported. herein, we present the endodontic management of a four rooted mandibular second molar tooth, diagnosed with the...

maxillary second molar with two palatal roots is a rare dental anatomy. the diagnosis and treatment of exceeded root may create challenge for clinicians. the authors discuss the retreatment of a maxillary second molar in which exceeded root was undiagnosed in previous treatment. the case report underlines the importance of complete knowledge about root canal morphology which achieved by careful...

abstract : dens invagination (di) is a developmental abnormality of teeth which frequently results in a complex internal anatomy of the root canal system. di type 3 is an anomaly characterized by infolding of enamel and dentin extending into the root apex. this may present difficulties when forming a diagnosis and treatment plan. many treatment modalities have been presented in case reports for...

A sound knowledge of the normal tooth morphology and its numerous variations is essential to the success of endodontic therapy. While extra canals and lateral canals are routinely encountered and documented, there also exists the rare possibility of a fewer number of canals than normal. Early detection of such an occurrence is critical to the prevention of iatrogenic errors during endodontic tr...