Most microbial infections are either restricted to the mucosal membranes or the etiologic agents needed to transit the mucosa. Thus, it is desirable to stimulate a mucosal response following vaccination, to block both infection and disease development. Attenuated vaccine carriers mimic natural infections, triggering also mucosal responses. Similar results can be achieved by administering antige...

Testosterone defi ciency occurs during menopause and may be associated with the appearance of a variety of symptoms in addition to its negative effect on sexuality. In the present study, testosterone was administered in the vulval/vaginal region at a dose of 3 mg/ml dissolved in a Pentravan® emulsion (Fagron, the Netherlands) to patients with symptoms of androgen defi ciency and testosterone le...

BACKGROUND Active management of the third stage of labor is recommended for the prevention of post-partum hemorrhage and commonly entails prophylactic administration of a uterotonic agent, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage. While oxytocin is the first-choice uterotonic, it is not known whether its effectiveness varies by route of administration. There is also insufficient evidence r...