OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of ski injuries in Norway and to describe the changes between 1990 and 1996. METHODS All ski injuries (7966) treated at four hospitals providing health care to a defined population of about 11% of the Norwegian population were registered prospectively from 1990 to 1996. For this study, 6462 injuries sustained in cross country skiing, downhill skiing, telemark...

BACKGROUND Digit ratio (2D:4D), a measure of prenatal testosterone exposure, is weakly-to-moderately associated with increased physical performance, although the evidence is far stronger for males than females. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between 2D:4D and measured on-water rowing performance in young females competing at the Australian Rowing Championships. METHODS Using an obser...

In order to individualize the intensity of an aerobic training program on different ergometers in healthy elderly subjects using a single test of muscular exercise, we analysed cardiorespiratory responses in 8 men (65.7 +/- 4.5 yrs) and 10 women (63.3 +/- 4.8 yrs). The heart rate corresponding to the ventilatory threshold was defined as individualised exercise intensity. All subjects carried ou...

The purpose of this study is to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of acceleration measurements in cross country skiing using a body mounted kinematical inertial measurement system. A high profile world cup athlete performed two test-runs in diagonal stride technique on skis and roller skies equipped with an inertial measurement system. In particular the acceleration of the athlete’s cent...

This paper presents the development of a model of indoor rowing exercise for paraplegics. Indoor rowing exercise is introduced as a hybrid exercise for restoration of function of lower extremities for paraplegics through the application of functional electrical stimulation (FES). Two stimulated muscle models, quadriceps and hamstrings, are developed for knee extension and flexion. A fuzzy logic...

In this article an outline of a fuzzy qualitative framework for the indoor rowing kinematics analysis have been proposed. Main goal of introducing this fuzzy qualitative framework is to bridge the gap between high level of quantitative details obtained with various present – day sensory or video inputs and symbolic representation used by rowing experts. A Fuzzy qualification process of kinemati...

The aim of this paper is to present the morphological features of rowers. The objective is to establish the type of body build best suited to the present requirements of this sports discipline through the determination of the most important morphological features in rowing with regard to the type of racing boat. The subjects of this study included competitors who practise rowing and were member...

T HE TYPE AND AMOUNT of exercise recommended for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of coronary artery disease have been a matter of discussion and some controversy.' The electrocardiogram has also been studied after extreme effort, such as long-distance running,2 skiing,3 rowing,4 strenuous marching,5 and other forms of sports.6 7 Master and Oppenheimer in 19298 described a standardized two-st...

For the determination of ground reaction forces in alpine skiing, pressure insole (PI) systems and portable force plate (FP) systems are well known and widely used in previous studies. The purposes of this study were 1) to provide reference data for the vertical component of the ground reaction forces (vGRF) during alpine skiing measured by the PI and FP systems, and 2) to analyze whether the d...