The Index of Relative Rurality (IRR) provides a convenient scale for assessing how rural and urban areas differ in ways beyond their rurality. One such issue of interest to the present study is the general question of whether rural and non-rural areas differ with respect to the cost of living. Discussions of the economic competitiveness of rural regions often implicitly assume that residents of...

BACKGROUND Patients from rural and urban regions should have equitable access to health care. In Germany, the physician-patient-ratio and the supply of medical services vary greatly between urban and rural areas. The aim of our study was to explore the regional variations of the perceived health care problems in ambulatory care from the perspective of affected professionals and laypersons i.e. ...

The association between chronic severe malnutrition and poor mental development as a social and health problem that may lead to a behavioral dysfunction has been reported in several studies. This study has attempted to investigate the relation between stunted children and cognitive measures (IQ). In this study, 1945 school children (845 urban, 1100 rural) have randomly selected by using variabl...

INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RURAL NONFARM ECONOMY Size Composition Equity impact DYNAMIC PATHWAYS OF RURAL NONFARM GROWTH Shifting motors of rural economic growth The “pull” scenario in dynamic agricultural regions The “push” scenario in stagnant agricultural zones Urbanization and migration Liberalization and globalization Summing up IMPLICATIONS FOR THE RURAL POOR Motivati...

BACKGROUND A retrospective study involving 502 lung cancer patients who had received pulmonary resection from 2009-2013 was conducted in order to compare the clinical characteristics of patients whose diagnosis was detected by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and computed radiography (CR). METHODS Two groups were established, based on the method of detection: the LDCT group included 172 lu...

The association between chronic severe malnutrition and poor mental development as a social and health problem that may lead to a behavioral dysfunction has been reported in several studies. This study has attempted to investigate the relation between stunted children and cognitive measures (IQ). In this study, 1945 school children (845 urban, 1100 rural) have randomly selected by using variabl...

BACKGROUND Significant and persistent racial and income disparities in birth outcomes exist in the US. The analyses in this manuscript examine whether adverse birth outcome time trends and associations between area-level variables and adverse birth outcomes differ by urban-rural status. METHODS Alabama births records were merged with ZIP code-level census measures of race, poverty, and rurali...

How can rural hospitals continue to attract physicians to their facilities? For most rural hospitals, the number of dollars they spend in medical education equates to the number of physicians they are able to retain on staff. What will be the cost to the consumer versus the physicians if the shortage is not addressed and corrected?

This paper explores determinants of participation, intensity and the magnitude of the rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) in Tajikistan. Conducting analysis at the district level, in addition to traditional individual and household levels, helps to test the impact of institutional determinants of the RNFE invariant at the micro level. We have found that rural residents in Tajikistan are mostly pushed ...