Abstract The study was carried out during the growing season 2022 in one of orchards located Al-Sajla area / Al-Khairat district Holy Karbala governorate On seed Sidr varieties two years old. To find effect immersing bait pens, an apple cultivar treated with a combination growth regulators three concentrations (0, 40 + 20, 80 mg.L -1 ) and symbol (A0, A1, A2) sequence, addition Optimus Pius nan...

Forest harvesting is one of the most significant disturbances affecting forest plant composition and structure in eastern North American forests, yet few studies have quantified the landscape-scale effects of widespread, low-intensity harvests by non-industrial private forest owners. Using spatially explicit data on all harvests over the last 20 years, we sampled the vegetation at 126 sites thr...

Tree plantings have the potential to increase species diversity and sequester carbon, yet planting failure early mortality pose significant barriers their success. Biodiversity-ecosystem function theory suggests that diverse tree could improve survival outcomes through either portfolio or facilitation effect, there remain few tests of this hypothesis. Here, we use a large-scale tree-diversity e...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Forest tree saplings that grow in the understorey undergo frequent changes in their light environment to which they must adapt to ensure their survival and growth. Crown architecture, which plays a critical role in light capture and mechanical stability, is a major component of sapling adaptation to canopy disturbance. Shade-adapted saplings typically have plagiotropic stems...