A significant influence of anthropogenic forcing has been detected in globaland continental-scale surface temperature, temperature of the free atmosphere, and global ocean heat uptake. This paper reviews outstanding issues in the detection of climate change and attribution to causes. The detection of changes in variables other than temperature, on regional scales and in climate extremes, is imp...

Until fairly recently, study of the marine nitrogen cycle was considered to be important but a bit dull. Important because nitrogen had long been recognized as an essential nutrient that often limits primary production in the ocean but dull because the residence time of fixed nitrogen in the ocean was believed to be long (∼10 000 yr; Emery et al., 1955), and its budget, like those of most other...

Climate signals are the results of interactions of multiple timescale media such as the atmosphere and ocean in the coupled earth system. Coupled data assimilation (CDA) pursues balanced and coherent climate analysis and prediction initialization by incorporating observations from multiple media into a coupled model. In practice, an observational time window (OTW) is usually used to collect mea...

introduction evaporation is a phenomenon of hidrological cycle that is particularly important in studies of water. much of the annual rainfall in arid and semi-arid weather characteristics that iran immediately returns to the atmosphere. so it will be important to estimate and predict the amount of evaporated to estimate of water. dez basin in south-west iran, where the country's main cent...

A key question in studies of the potential for reducing uncertainty in climate change projections is how additional observations may be used to constrain models. We examine the case of ocean carbon cycle models. The reliability of ocean models in projecting oceanic CO2 uptake is fundamentally dependent on their skills in simulating ocean circulation and air–sea gas exchange. In this study we de...

a r t i c l e i n f o The importance of the role played by the tropics in driving and propagating climate change between hemispheres has long been the focus of attention in a bid to evaluate ocean–atmosphere interactions on glacial–interglacial timescales. The Amazon Fan and Ceara Rise in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean lie directly in the flowpath of the North Brazil Current (NBC) which,...

GLORYS12 is a global eddy-resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis at 1/12° horizontal resolution covering the 1993-present altimetry period, designed implemented in framework of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). The model component NEMO platform driven surface by atmospheric conditions from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. Ocean observations are assimilated means re...

We analyze recent global temperature reconstructions over several centuries in time based on calibrations of temperature patterns against global networks of long instrumental and “proxy” data (natural archives such as ice cores, corals, and tree rings), focusing on long-term climatic variations in the Middle East. The pattern of global warming of the past century does not show a strong influenc...

Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has acidified open-ocean surface waters by 0.1 pH units since preindustrial times. Despite unequivocal evidence of ocean acidification (OA) via open-ocean measurements for the past several decades, it has yet to be documented in near-shore and coral reef environments. A lack of long-term measurements from these environments restricts our unde...