This study is a prospective longitudinal examination of symptoms of drug and alcohol use (SUD) and PTSD symptoms in 1006 veterans in the 6 years (T3) following return from the Persian Gulf War (PGW). Both alcohol and drug use at T3 were significantly correlated with demographic variables and all three types of PTSD symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal) as measured at T2. Hierarchica...

The aim of this article is to share our experiences from an international collaborative effort to study health outcomes among Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG) soldiers following the 1991 Gulf War. By paying particular attention to distinct social and religious customs, geopolitical differences, and unique aspects of the health care system, we achieved a successful international collaboration...

Veterans of Operation Desert Storm returned from the Persian Gulf Theater of Operations and developed multiple signs and symptoms characterized by disabling fatigue, arthralgia, intermittent fever, myalgia, impairments in short-term memory, headaches, skin rashes, diarrhea and additional symptoms that have defied a disease case definition but has been called Gulf War Illness (GWI). In a samplin...

The analogy between World War II and the 1991 Persian Gulf crisis led people to construct a coherent system of roles for the participants in the Gulf crisis. The Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine (ACME), a model of analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction (Holyoak & Thagard, 1989), makes predictions about the types of correspondences people are likely to draw between the people and coun...

Gulf War Syndrome and Gulf War Illnesses (GWI) are terms that have been used to describe a collection of chronic signs and symptoms reported by U.S., British, Canadian, Czech, Danish, Saudi, Egyptian, Syrian, Moroccan and other Coalition Armed Forces that were deployed to Operation Desert Storm (ODS) in 1991. Over 100,000 American veterans of Desert Storm/Shield (approximately 15% of deployed U...

The Persian Gulf is an important economic and geo-political region. Owing to its oil and gas resources, it is one of the busiest waterways in the world. There are many operating oil wells in the northern part of the Persian Gulf . As a result, the risk of contaminant dispersion is high. The deliberate discharge of 6.3 million barrels of crude oil during the 1991 war against Kuwait in this regio...

The combustion of crude oil produces a wide range of pollutants, including gases, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acid compounds (e.g., sulfuric acid), and soot. Several of these pollutants have been linked with the deterioration and blackening of monuments. The paper reports the results of an investigation on the causes of the soiling of cultural remains at import...