non-communicable disease (ncd) accounts for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. it is currently estimated that ncds accounts for approximately 59% of global deaths and 43% of the global disease burden; this is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020. 1 in comparison, ncds in low- and middle-income populations accounts for 78% of the global ncd bu...

The aim of this review is to provide evidence-based recommendations on the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic ischemic stroke. Antiplatelets are the major therapy for the secondary stroke prevention. The most commonly used antiplatelets agents are aspirin, clopidogrel, and extended-release dipyridamole. A lot of progress had been made in last years regarding aspirin resistance and genotyp...

Secondary prevention aims at preventing a stroke after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or a recurrent stroke after a first stroke. About 80–85% of patients survive a first ischaemic stroke [1,2]. Of those, between 8 and 15% suffer a recurrent stroke in the first year. The risk of stroke recurrence is highest in the first few weeks and declines over time [3–5]. The risk of recurrence depends ...

Epidemiological data suggests that India is host to 30–40 million patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and the 1 prevalence is increasing. This is also the largest cause of 2 mortality in the country. Unfortunately, the diagnosis and management of CHD in the country is not standardized and 3,4 follow-up mechanisms are poor. This is due to weak public and private healthcare systems for chr...

Myocardial infarction reflects the most severe form of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and falls under the increasingly used umbrella term, acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Improvements in the acute management of myocardial infarction have seen deaths due to the condition fall by 31% over the period from 2002 to 2011. Nonetheless, behind this encouraging headline lie some less positive statistics. ...

Risk of Recurrent Stroke The risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mild ischemic stroke was 10% within 1 week and 18% within the first 3 months in Oxfordshire, UK, in 2002 to 2003.1 This substantial early risk is 3-fold higher if the TIA or ischemic stroke is caused by large artery disease and 5-fold lower if the cause is small artery disease.2 The prevalence and level of ot...

OBJECTIVE To analyse trends of avoidable mortality in Europe, emphasising causes of death amenable to primary prevention through reduction of exposures, secondary prevention through early detection and treatment, and tertiary prevention through improved treatment and medical care. DESIGN Descriptive study of mortality from avoidable causes for the years 1955 through 1994, for ages 5-64 at tim...