Poor heath, large acute and long-term care medical expenses and spousal death are significant drivers of impoverishment among retirees. We document these facts and build a rich overlapping generations model that reproduces them. We use the model to assess the incentive and welfare effects of U.S. Social Security and means-tested social insurance programs, such as Medicaid and food stamp program...

This paper theoretically studies how unfunded pay-as-you-go social security affects economic growth, the fertility rate, and welfare in a neoclassical growth model. In addition, this paper considers a more general form of childrearing cost, which is a mixture of time and money. The first observation is that whether the fertility rate increases or not by the expansion of the pay-asyou-go social ...

This qualitative study explores the welfare recipients’ experiences of and attitudes toward the welfare benefit system in Hong Kong. A sample of 19 welfare recipients from six main recipient groups was interviewed, some twice. This study finds that the recipients have strong aspirations to exit the welfare benefit system. The welfare application process is painful; they are strongly stigmatized...

In this paper, I compare the welfare implications of implementing Bismarckian and Beveridgean social security systems. I …rst judge a social security system with universal bene…ts against one with earningsdependent bene…ts that provides the same level of bene…ts. Surprisingly, I …nd that agents can be better o¤ with the implementation of a system with universal bene…ts both in the short and in ...

Privacy preservation in the information society is in many respects parallel to environment preservation in the physical world. In this way, “green ICT services” are those achieving functionality and security with minimum invasion of the privacy of individuals, where such an invasion can be regarded as a kind of pollution as harmful in the long run to their moral welfare as physical pollution i...

This paper exploits a combination of policy variation from multiple pension reforms in Austria and administrative data from the Austrian Social Security Database. Using the policy changes for identification, we estimate social security wealth and accrual elasticities in individuals' retirement decisions. Next, we use these elasticities to estimate a dynamic programming model of retirement decis...

the islamic republic of iran, in her 20 year vision by the year 2025, is a developed country with the first economic, scientific and technological status in the region, with revolutionary and islamic identity, inspiring islamic world, as well as effective and constructive interaction in international relations. enjoying health, welfare, food security, social security, equal opportunities, fair ...