Menopause is the cessation of menstruation in a woman, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55 years. This article will briefly review physiology types menopause, signs symptoms, symptomatic treatment. Although menopause ends fertility, women can stay healthy, vital, sexual. Smokers with chronic diseases may experience earlier menopause. Since body has depended on these hormones for years, w...

Introduction: Micro pollutants have become one of the most important environmental concerns around the world. These natural and synthetic compounds have been called Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) due to their interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system in humans and animals. They include natural and synthetic hormones and their metabolites, surfactant, insecticide, as well...

Endocrine systems play critical roles in facilitating sexual behavior in seasonally breeding vertebrates. Much of the research exploring this topic has focused on the endocrine correlates of signaling behavior in males and sexual proceptivity in females. What is less understood is how hormones promote the expression of the often complex and highly selective set of stimulus-response behaviors th...

Interventions that extend lifespan in mice can show substantial sexual dimorphism. Here, we show that male-specific lifespan extension with two pharmacological treatments, acarbose (ACA) and 17-α estradiol (17aE2), is associated, in males only, with increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Females, which show either smaller (ACA) or no lifespan extension (17aE2), do not der...

Sexual differentiation of the brain is a crucial developmental process that enables the lifelong expression of sexually dimorphic behaviors, including those necessary for successful reproduction. During a perinatal sensitive period, gonadal hormones defeminize and masculinize the male brain, and a lack of gonadal steroids allows for feminization in the female. This hormonally-induced differenti...

The structure of secretory cells and granules has been described in the mouse Fallopian tube during sexual maturation and oestrous cycle. The oviducts of newborn mice were lined with a simple columnar epithelium in which only tall indifferent cells of uniform appearance were present. In some of these cells, marks of ciliogenesis were observed. The occurrence of secretory cells showing proteosyn...

T HIS FINAL CHAPTER AIMS to summarize the main findings of the different studies of this thesis about the neuroendocrinological factors affecting gender identity and the sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. Methodological considerations and implications are discussed in light of the existing literature. The discussion will conclude with recommendations for the clinical practice and...

T HIS FINAL CHAPTER AIMS to summarize the main findings of the different studies of this thesis about the neuroendocrinological factors affecting gender identity and the sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. Methodological considerations and implications are discussed in light of the existing literature. The discussion will conclude with recommendations for the clinical practice and...

The role played by sexual hormones and vasoactive substances in the compensatory renal growth (CRG) that follows uninephrectomy (uNx) is still controversial. Intact and gonadectomized adult Wistar rats of both sexes, with and without uNx, performed at 90 days age, were studied at age 150 days. Daily urine volume, electrolyte excretion and kallikrein activity (UKa) were determined. Afterwards, g...