In some classification tasks, all patterns in a field, such as digits in a ZIP-code image, originate from the same, but unknown, source (writer/print style). The class-conditional feature distributions depend on the source of the patterns. Several sources may share the same distribution, or style. The style-conditional distributions are estimated from the training set. The optimal field-classif...

concentric bracing is one of the most common lateral load resistant systems in building frames, and areapplied to many structures due to their manufacturing simplicity and economics. an important deficiency in thebracing members is their irregular hysteretic loops under cyclic loading. in order to overcome this problem, it isadvised to restrain braces against buckling under compression, since b...

We study the effect of the mandatory adoption of IFRS in Europe in 2005 on conditional conservatism. To capture conditional conservatism, we use three measures: the Basu (1997) measure, the Khan and Watts (2009) measure, and a measure controlling for potential shifts in unconditional conservatism and cost of capital after the adoption of IFRS. From a sample of 7,251 firm-year observations drawn...

Recently, the major U.S. music and movie companies have pursued a dramatic renovation in their approach to copyright enforcement. This shift, from the ‘code’ of law to the ‘code’ of software, looks to technologies themselves to regulate or make unavailable those uses of content traditionally handled through law. Critics worry about the ‘compliance’ rules built into such systems: design mandates...

The ratio of total household debt to aggregate personal income in the United States has risen from an average of 0.6 in the 1980s to an average of 1.0 so far this decade. In this paper we explore the causes and consequences of this dramatic increase. Demographic shifts, house price increases and fi nancial innovation all appear to have contributed to the rise. Households have become more expose...

This paper develops a model of financial institutions that borrow short term and invest in longterm assets that can be traded in frictionless markets. Because these financial intermediaries perform maturity transformation, they are subject to potential runs. We derive distinct liquidity, collateral, and asset liquidation constraints, which determine whether a run can occur as a result of changi...

[On March 1979 i n Warsaw Poland Marian Rejewski died. He was the l a s t of the g r e a t war t ime Po l i sh geniuses. Henryk Zygalski died i n England i n 1978. J e rzy Rozycki died i n m i l i t a r y ac t ion i n 1942 Before he d i e d Re jewsk i wro te a s t a d y i n P o l i s h on t h e mathem a t i c a l s o l u t i o n of t h e German machine cypher. H i s work was published i n P o l...