O The main reasons for the lack of faculty to meet the demand for more nurses include the increased age of the current faculty and the declining number of years ieft to teach, expected increases in facuity retirements, less compensation for academic teaching than positions in clinical areas for master's-prepared nurses, and finaiiy, not enough master's and doctoral-prepared nurses to fiii the n...

A currency exchange system is introduced for a multi-currency electronic money trial, in which smartcardbased electronic moneys (two currencies) are circulated over the Internet. Considering the need to support our existing single currency electronic money protocol, the exchange method proposed herein offers fairness between untrusted parties based on the “optimistic approach”. This paper descr...

â â â â â  abstract: â  as the number of independent countries increases and their economies become more integrated, we would expect to observe more multi-country currency ::::union::::s. this paper explores the pros and cons for different countries to adopt as an anchor the us dollar, the euro or the yen. in addition, it addresses the question of how co-movement of outputs and prices would res...

This paper presents the various fake currency detection techniques. Fake currency is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Producing or using fake currency is a form of fraud or forgery. Over the past few years, as a result of the great technological advances in colour printing, duplicating and scanning, counterfeiting problems have become more and m...

In this paper we examine currency areas and monetary policy coordination in a two-country model where the value of each country’s currency is determined endogenously. Exchanges in the goods markets are modelled as random bilateral matches, and households choose the amount and the frequency of purchases made in each currency area. By contrast, the currency market is centralized and Walrasian. We...

In a foreign currency exchange market, there are highdensity data streams. The present approaches for visualization of this type of data cannot show us a figure with targeted both local details and global trend information. In this paper, on the basis of features and attributes of foreign currency exchange trading streams, we discuss and compare multiple approaches including interactive zooming...

A currency area can be a self-validating optimal policy regime, even when monetary unification does not foster real economic integration and intra-industry trade. In our model firms choose the degree of exchange rate pass-through onto export prices accounting for expected monetary policies, and monetary authorities choose optimal policy rules taking firms’ pass-through as given. We show that th...

In this paper, I attempt to address some of these issues. I examine the behaviour of countries that are or have been members of international currency unions. More precisely, I ask whether existing currency unions replicate the desirable features of optimal currency areas as set out by Mundell (1961). Specifically, I ask whether the countries and political units that constitute currency unions ...

The main purpose of this study is to devise a general regression neural network (GRNN)based currency crisis forecasting model for Southeast Asian economies based upon the disastrous 1997–1998 currency crisis experience. For this some typical indicators of currency exchange rates volatility are first chosen, then these indicators are input into GRNN for training, and finally the trained GRNN is ...