Extreme events shape population and community trajectories. We report episodic mortality across common species of thousands of long-lived perennials individually tagged and monitored for 20 years in the Colorado Desert of California following severe regional drought. Demographic records from 1984 to 2004 show 15 years of virtual stasis in populations of adult shrubs and cacti, punctuated by a 5...

So profoundly has this river modified the effects of the general grassland climate that in many places prairie has given way to woodland and forest. Several distinct forest communities along the river in southeastern Nebraska and adjacent parts of Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa extend for short distances over the uplands, but farther along the major streams. Most of the trees and shrubs of this for...

The ethnobotanical data on the various medicinal uses of the shrubs of central Punjab, Pakistan, was documented during 2008-10. Using semistructured questionnaire about 125 informants of different age groups (30-80 years old) were interviewed to obtain ethnobotanical information. A total of 35 plant species belonging to 22 families were identified by the indigenous people of the study area in t...