Geology is a complex, semantically rich domain involving the interpretation of geological maps as external visualizations. Geological maps are complex in particular because 3dimensional features must be inferred from 2-dimensional representations depicted by differing line types and weights. Modeling building, as an internal mental activity, is also required in order to achieve deep understandi...

The first stage in development and design of Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants (PSHP) is finding the optimum location. This paper presents a methodology for preliminary site selection of PSHP with the help of geospatial data analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The conventional method of PSHP site selection has certain limitations and is not cost and time effective. The...

The standard account of the reasoning process within geology views it as lacking a distinctive methodology of its own. Rather, geology is described as a derivative science, relying on the logical techniques exemplified by physics. I argue that this account is inadequate and skews our understanding of both geology and the scientific process in general. Far from simply taking up and applying the ...

Introduction: After about 400 m of MSL Curiosity rover travel, at Bathurst Inlet, sol 54, two APXS analyses were made. On sol 102 Rocknest_3 at the Rocknest site was also analysed by APXS. Bathurst is part of an in-situ, eroded surface (Fig. 1a). The association of Rocknest_3 (Fig. 1b) with surrounding, similar rocks at the Rocknest site strongly suggests that it has a local origin as well. Bot...

The Ribbon NAPL Sampler (RNS) is a direct sampling device that provides detailed depth discrete mapping of Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) in a borehole. This characterization method provides a yes or no answer to the presence of NAPLs and is used to complement and enhance other characterization techniques. Several cone penetrometer deployment methods are in use and methods for other drilling...

Modem geology was founded by James Hutton at the end of the 18th cenhuy as an observational, descriptive, qualitative, and subjective science. It was the pioneer work of Pearson (1901) and Spearman (1904) in statistics applied to agriculture, biology, medicine, and psychology, that led to the first major inroads of quantitative techniques in geology and the models they used were above all stati...

The Dawn spacecraft collected over 28,000 images and a wealth of spectral data of Vesta’s surface. These data enable analysis of Vesta’s diverse geology including impact craters of all sizes and unusual shapes, a variety of ejecta blankets, large troughs, impact basins, enigmatic dark material, and considerable evidence for mass wasting and surface alteration processes [1,2,3]. Two large impact...

pillow lavas are locally conspicuous. A unit consisting of dark, thinly bedded sandstone and siltstone, lccally ranging to several hundred feet thick, is lowermost in the exposed section. The middle division consists of about 3,500 feet of mixed andesi.:e and basalt volcaniclastic rocks ~ lahar, tuff breccia, volcanic sandstone, and conglomeratic beds which rest on relatively thin, fossiliferou...

One of the basic concepts of set theoretic geology is the mantle of a model of set theory V: it is the intersection of all grounds of V, that is, of all inner models M of V such that V is a set-forcing extension of M . The main theme of the present paper is to identify situations in which the mantle turns out to be a fine structural extender model. The first main result is that this is the case...

when the a particle is initially in the state i. The Sij's are determined from the relative intensity of the lines emitted in transition from that state. Take the particular case where S12 = S02 = 1/2 and (12 = #o2 = (01 1-7 13= 1/200 then P1/P2 = 4.3. This ratio is nearly the same as that of the internal conversion coefficient of y rays from RaC. There the values of this coefficient can be div...