It is now well understood that ATP-driven active sliding between the doublet microtubules in the sperm axoneme generates flagellar movement. However, much remains to be learned about how this movement is controlled. Detailed analyses of the flagellar beating of the mammalian spermatozoa revealed that there were two beating modes at a constant rate of microtubule sliding: that is, a nearly const...

I . Introduction 11. Evidence of a Centrosomal Origin for Axonal Microtubules A. Axonal Microtubules Do Not Originate within the Axon B. Nucleation and Release of Microtubules from the Neuronal Centrosome C. Inhibition of Microtubule Nucleation at the Centrosome Compromises Axon Growth D. Centrosomal Microtubules Are Transported into the Axon Ill. Implications of a Centrosomal Origin for Axonal...

Cytoskeletal remodeling is essential to eukaryotic cell division and morphogenesis. The mechanical forces driving the restructuring are attributed to the action of molecular motors and the dynamics of cytoskeletal filaments, which both consume chemical energy. By contrast, non-enzymatic filament crosslinkers are regarded as mere friction-generating entities. Here, we experimentally demonstrate ...

The movement of eukaryotic flagella is characterized by its oscillatory nature. In sea urchin sperm, for example, planar bends are formed in alternating directions at the base of the flagellum and travel toward the tip as continuous waves. The bending is caused by the orchestrated activity of dynein arms to induce patterned sliding between doublet microtubules of the flagellar axoneme. Although...

Tetrahymena cilia contain a three-headed 22S (outer arm) dynein and a single-headed 14S dynein. In this study, we have employed an in vitro assay of microtubule translocation along dynein-coated glass surfaces to characterize the motile properties of 14S dynein, 22S dynein, and proteolytic fragments of 22S dynein. Microtubule translocation produced by intact 22S dynein and 14S dynein differ in ...

This paper studies theuncertain nonlinear dynamics of a MEMS optical switch addressing electrical, mechanical and optical subsystems. Recently, MEMS optical switch has had significant merits in reliability, control voltage requirements and power consumption. However, an inherent weakness in designing control for such systems is unavailability of switch position information at all times due to t...

In this paper, a quaternion-based finite-time sliding mode attitude controller is designed for a spacecraft performing high-thrust orbital maneuvers, with cold gas thrusters as its actuators. The proposed controller results are compared with those of a quaternion feedback controller developed for the linearized spacecraft dynamics, in terms of settling time, steady-state error, number of thrust...

This paper presents the development and performance analysis of intelligent control techniques such as Sliding Mode controller and Fuzzy logic Controller for Brushless DC (BLDC)motor drives. Today, strong mathematical tools used in new control methodologies to design adaptive nonlinear robust controller with acceptable performance. One of the best nonlinear robust controller which can be used i...

Background The chess game is a good example of cognitive task which needs a lot of training and experience. The aim of this work is to compare applicability of two nonlinear methods Higuchi Fractal Dimension and Empirical Mode Decomposition in analysis of EEG data recorded during chess match. We analyzed data of three master chess players registered during their matches with computer program. M...