BACKGROUND Blunts are hollowed-out cigars or leaf tobacco filled with marijuana. Use of blunts has increased since the 1990s and, in 2005, 3.5% of all American youth were estimated to have used blunts in the past month. Blunt smokers may have greater odds of cannabis and tobacco dependency and are at risk of smoking-related diseases. Previous studies have suggested that blunt use is more common...

STUDY OBJECTIVES Black smokers have been reported to have higher serum cotinine levels than do white smokers, and have higher rates of most smoking-related diseases, despite smoking fewer cigarettes per day. Another striking racial difference is the preference for mentholated cigarettes among black smokers. The contribution of menthol to variability in biochemical markers of cigarette smoke exp...

A case-control analysis is used to examine the relation of cigarette smoking, hypertension and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in men and women aged 35-64 years. 45 men and 70 women with subarachnoid hemorrhage were identified as part of a large community based study of stroke, and the controls, 1017 men and 569 women, came from a survey of cardiovascular risk factors conducted in the same ...

Over the past 40 years the serious damage to health associated with smoking has become clear.' Cigarette smoking has been identified as the main avoidable cause of death and disability in the United States. The overall mortality ratio for adult cigarette smokers versus non-smokers is about 1.7; it increases with the amount smoked and is directly proportional to the duration of smoking. In the U...

background: the association between maternal smoking and poor pregnancy outcome, which is well established in medi­cal literature, has also been corroborated by the results of this study conducted in a turkish hospital. our objective was to investi­gate the effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on infant head circumference, height, weight, and body mass in­dex (bmi). methods: in this re...

INTRODUCTION Evidence on the relationship between cigarette prices and adult smoking in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is relatively limited. This study offers new descriptive evidence on this relationship using data from a set of 13 LMICs. METHODS We use Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) cross-country data from approximately 200,000 participants aged 15 and older. Estimates on the...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To study the effect of long-term smoking on all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and to estimate the effects of cigarette and cigar or pipe smoking on life expectancy. DESIGN A long-term prospective cohort study. SETTING Zutphen, The Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS 1373 men from the Zutphen Study, born between 1900 and 1920 and studied between 1960 and 2000. MEASUREMENTS Ha...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of e-cigarettes, by comparing users of only e-cigarettes, smokers of only tobacco cigarettes and dual users. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. We update previous 12-month findings and report the results of the 24-month follow-up. DATA SOURCES Direct contact and questionnaires by phone or via internet. METHODS Adults (30-75 years) were clas...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between tobacco cigarette brand recognition, and e-cigarette use in adolescents. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING High schools in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS Questionnaires were administered to pupils in Secondary 2 (S2 mean age: 14.0 years) and Secondary 4 (S4 mean age: 15.9 years) across 4 communities in Scotland. An 86% response rate ...

BACKGROUND Littered cigarette butts represent potential point sources for environmental contamination. In areas with substantial amounts of cigarette litter, environmental hazards may arise as chemical components are leached from the filters and smoked tobacco. OBJECTIVE The three main aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the amount of Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn lea...