Despite the integral role of ice nucleators (IN) in atmospheric processes leading to precipitation, their sources and distributions have not been well established. We examined IN in snowfall from mid- and high-latitude locations and found that the most active were biological in origin. Of the IN larger than 0.2 micrometer that were active at temperatures warmer than -7 degrees C, 69 to 100% wer...

Nest-site characteristics can have a strong impact on reproductive success in birds. Nest sites should simultaneously protect from predators, offer shelter and provide a favourable microclimate. We studied the relationship between three agents of natural selection (predators [i.e. Adders and birds/mammals], snowfall and microclimate), nest-site characteristics and reproductive success to determ...

The Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) will employ a constellation of ~8 satellites to measure precipitation between +/-65o latitude[1]. The GPM constellation will fly microwave radiometers accompanied by a core “reference” satellite carrying a Ka-Ku band dual-frequency radar (DPR) and an improved passive microwave radiometer (GMI; frequencies 10-183 GHz). Fundamentally, the improved GPM remote...

This analysis identifies optimal areas for backcountry skiing in Maine using the following six parameters: elevation, distance to roads, average annual snowfall, aspect, slope, and population density. The most suitable areas correlated well with locations that were ski areas in the past, were once considered for ski area development, or are currently used for ski touring. Introduction The recre...

Parameters such as future precipitation, temperature, snowfall, and runoff were modeled using PRECIS regionalclimate modeling system in Iran with the horizontal resolutions of 0.44×0.44°C in latitude and longitude under SRESA2 and B2 scenarios. The dataset was based on HadAM3p during the periods of 1961-1990 and 2071-2100. Theoverall precipitation error of the model in the period of 1961-1990 w...