In metazoans, cleavage by the endoribonuclease SMG6 is often the first degradative event in non-sense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, the exact sites of SMG6 cleavage have yet to be determined for any endogenous targets, and most evidence as to the identity of SMG6 substrates is indirect. Here, we use Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends to specifically identify the 5' termini of decay intermediat...

the effect of modified vitrification was assessed on cellular development capability in mouse embryos cultured in vitro. in this study, 466 embryos (from zygote to morula stages) were vitrified then thawed embryos have been incubated for in vitro farther development up to blastocyst stage. also, vitrification and thawing procedures were the same for all experimental groups. mouse different embr...

The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate development. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species represen...

De novo formation of cells in the Drosophila embryo is achieved when each nucleus is surrounded by a furrow of plasma membrane. Remodeling of the plasma membrane during cleavage furrow ingression involves the exocytic and endocytic pathways, including endocytic tubules that form at cleavage furrow tips (CFT-tubules). The tubules are marked by amphiphysin but are otherwise poorly understood. Her...

objective: this study was carried out to examine the effect of vero cells co-culture on developmental competence of immature oocytes. materials and methods: bovine cumulus-oocyte-complexes (cocs) were matured in either presence or absence of vero cells. matured oocytes were inseminated and cultured for up to nine days. cleavage percentages were recorded on day two post insemination (pi). embryo...

Abstract Study question Does embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) followed by fresh or vitrified-warmed transfer affect children’s health up to 2 years of age? Summary answer Cleavage- blastocyst-stage vitrified-warmed-embryo had neither impact on anthropometry at birth, infancy childhood nor outcomes. What is known already Literature data regarding neonatal outcomes after PG...

Sixteen avian influenza (AI) H9N2 viruses were isolated from disease outbreaks in different parts of Iranduring (1998–2001). These AI isolates were used for pathogenicity, haemagglutinin (HA) gene variation andphylogenetic analysis. Results in both pathogenicity tests and HA gene cleavage site sequence detectionrepresented a non-highly pathogenic feature for all Iranian AI isolates studied. The...

Genetic aberrations are commonly seen in human preimplantation embryos. Non-disjunction and premature division of a chromosome are common in both meiosis and mitosis divisions. The expected result for meiotic aneuploidies is full aneuploidy in the later stages whereas mosaicism is the most frequent event in the cleavage and blastocyst stages. The main causes for mosaicism are post-zygotic event...

Some of the most important characters in convenience are economic, social equity and optimal distribution of facilities of development among people in societies. Planners are, in different societies in direction for decreasing inequity and poverty, designing many plans. Fundamental steps in design' planning for capturing these goals is paying more attention to plans with an approach to reality ...

Silica chloride converted benzyl or tert-butyl esters to the corresponding acid chlorides and alkyl chlorides. It also converted benzyl or tert-butyl phenyl ethers to the corresponding allcyl chlorides and phenol