Neurons spike when their membrane potential exceeds a threshold value. In central neurons, the spike threshold is not constant but depends on the stimulation. Thus, input-output properties of neurons depend both on the effect of presynaptic spikes on the membrane potential and on the dynamics of the spike threshold. Among the possible mechanisms that may modulate the threshold, one strong candi...

effects of drought stress and chemical treatments was studied on growth and developmental traits of four barley cultivars using a split- split plot design (rcbd) in agricultural research farm, kerman university. main plots consisted of irrigation (control and drought stress after flowering), sub-plots consisted of four barley cultivars ( ʻnosratʼ, ʻafsalʼ, ʻyousofʼ and ʻuh12 lineʼ) and sub-sub ...

Sodium valproate has a simple chemical structure unlike other anticonvulsants. It has been given to 63 patients with various types of epilepsy whose attacks were frequent and of whom 40 had failed to respond to other anticonvulsants. Fits stopped completely in 27 patients (43%) and 14 (22%) showed a reduction ofattacks by more than 50%. The best results were in patients with absences (typical a...

Functional connectivity between brain regions relies on long-range signaling by myelinated axons. This is secured by saltatory action potential propagation that depends fundamentally on sodium channel availability at nodes of Ranvier. Although various potassium channel types have been anatomically localized to myelinated axons in the brain, direct evidence for their functional recruitment in ma...

Transitions between different behavioral states, such as sleep or wakefulness, quiescence or attentiveness, occur in part through transitions from action potential bursting to single spiking. Cortical activity, for example, is determined in large part by the spike output mode from the thalamus, which is controlled by the gating of low-voltage-activated calcium channels. In the subiculum--the ma...

We have developed a new and simple one-pot synthetic approach for the preparation of single-crystalline rose-, spike-, and snowflake-shaped silver nanostructures (NSs) in aqueous solution. We obtained these variously shaped Ag NSs by carefully controlling the nature and concentration of the stabilizers, which included sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and poly(ethylene glycol). To the best of our...

After chronic spinal cord injury motoneurons exhibit large plateau potentials (sustained depolarizations triggered by brief inputs) that play a primary role in the development of muscle spasms and spasticity (Bennett et al. 2001a,b). The present study examined the voltage-gated persistent inward currents (PICs) underlying these plateaus. Adult rats were spinalized at the S2 sacral spinal level ...

gladiolus (gladiolus grandiflorus l.) is one of the most widely cultivated, economically important and common flowering plants worldwide including pakistan. however, its yield of flower is quite low when grown under agro-climatic conditions of multan. a field experiment was conducted at the experimental area, department of horticulture, bahauddin zakariya university, multan (pakistan), during 2...