The study was to assess the types and trend of female sterilization between January 1985 and December 2009 (25 years) in Jos, Central Nigeria. There were 25,313 new acceptors of modern contraceptive methods out of which 4,951 (19.6%) were female sterilizations. Minilaparotomy was the commonest method of female sterilization. Local anaesthesia was the commonest anaesthetic utilized. The women we...

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine the risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization for common methods of tubal occlusion. STUDY DESIGN A multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted in U.S. medical centers. A total of 10,685 women who underwent tubal sterilization was followed up for 8 to 14 years. The risk of pregnancy was assessed by cumulative life-table probabilities and propor...

A permanent contraceptive method that avoids abdominal incisions and general anesthetic should be safer than sterilization by laparoscopy or laparotomy. In theory, the transcervical route ought to be ideal for female sterilization. However, past attempts have not seen widespread success, and contemporary efforts demonstrate that challenges to the creation of an ideal transcervical sterilization...

background: sterilization techniques could affect the characteristics of orthodontic wires. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of steam and dry heat sterilization techniques on load-defl ection behavior of fi ve types of β-titanium alloy wires. materials and methods: the samples consisted of 30 straight lengths of fi ve types of β-titanium alloy wires: titanium molybdenum a...

The presence and composition of soil microbial communities has been shown to have a large impact on plant-plant interactions and consequently plant diversity and composition. The goal of the present study was to evaluate impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which constitutes an essential link between the soil and the plant's roots. A greenhouse pot experime...

Cleaning Failure to adequately clean instrument results in higher bioburden, protein load, and salt concentration. These will decrease sterilization efficacy. Bioburden The natural bioburden of used surgical devices is 10 to 10 organisms (primarily vegetative bacteria), which is substantially below the 10-10 spores used with biological indicators. Pathogen type Spore-forming organisms are most ...

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There has been a long history of subjecting marginalized women to forced and coerced sterilization. In recent years, the practice has been documented in countries in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has targeted women who are ethnic and racial minorities, women with disabilities, women living with HIV, and poor women. A handful of courts have issued decisions on the recent ...

BACKGROUND Long-acting reversible contraceptives such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, cost effective, and increasing in popularity. It is unclear whether changes in IUD use are associated with changes in rates of irreversible tubal sterilization. In this analysis, we evaluate changes in rates of tubal sterilization, insertion of copper or levonorgest...

Background: Long-acting reversible contraceptives such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, cost effective, and increasing in popularity. It is unclear whether changes in IUD use are associated with changes in rates of irreversible tubal sterilization. In this analysis, we evaluate changes in rates of tubal sterilization, insertion of copper or levonorges...