Extraction of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions has been a longstanding approach to elucidating the pivotal roles of SOM in soil processes. Several types of extraction procedures are commonly used, and all provide partial information on SOM function. This report and accompanying papers summarize the information regarding SOM functions in real-world issues that has been gained through physical...

With the increase of computer usage, the number of digital documents is reaching values that make unviable conducting the tasks of text organization by humans. There is a demand for text organization tools that can operate with little human intervention and that can display the results of the organization in the most commonly used visual interface: the two-dimensional (2D) plane. One of the tec...

Cortical GABAergic interneurons represent a highly diverse neuronal type that regulates neural network activity. In particular, interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 oriens/alveus (O/A-INs) area provide feedback dendritic inhibition to local pyramidal cells and express somatostatin (SOM). Under relevant afferent stimulation patterns, they undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) of their excitatory s...

The oxidation of isoprene is a globally significant source of secondary organic material (SOM) of atmospheric particles. The relative importance of different parallel pathways, however, remains inadequately understood and quantified. SOM production from isoprene photooxidation was studied under hydroperoxyl-dominant conditions for <5% relative humidity and at 20 °C in the presence of highly aci...

Soil organic matter (SOM) is known to play vital roles in the maintenance and improvement of many soil properties and processes. These roles, which largely influence soil functions, are a pool of specific contributions of different components of SOM. The soil functions, in turn, normally define the level of soil degradation, viewed as quantifiable temporal changes in a soil that impairs its qua...

objective(s):this study examined whether conjugated linoleic acid (cla) supplementation affects insulin sensitivity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (ppar-γ) and glucose transporter type 4 (glut-4) protein expressions in the skeletal muscles of rats during endurance exercise. materials and methods:sprague-dawley male rats were randomly divided into hs (high-fat diet (hfd) se...

1 ABSTRACT Colorectal tumors are responsible for more than 600 000 deaths per year worldwide and thereby constitute the second most common cause of cancer related mortality. Early detection is related to improved prognosis and identification of genetic biomarkers would meliorate available diagnostic tools. Existing tumor classification systems lack precise monitoring within individual tumor sta...

The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is a popular algorithm to analyze the structure of a dataset. However, some topological constraints of the SOM are fixed before the learning and may not be relevant regarding to the data structure. In this paper we propose to improve the SOM performance with a new algorithm which learn the topological constraints of the map using data structure information. Experim...

For unsupervised sequence processing, standard self organizing maps (SOM) can be naturally extended by recurrent connections and explicit context representations. Known models are the temporal Kohonen map (TKM), recursive SOM, SOM for structured data (SOMSD), and HSOM for sequences (HSOM-S). We discuss and compare the capabilities of exemplary approaches to store different types of sequences. A...