Nearly all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are acquired mucosally, and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues are important sites for early virus replication. Thus, vaccine strategies designed to prime virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that home to mucosal compartments may be particularly effective at preventing or containing HIV infection. The Salmonella type III...

SopE/SopE2 Salmonella enterica Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rho family GTPases Stimulation of actin reorganization and bacterial entry into nonphagocytic cells; nuclear responses SptP (N terminus)/YopE/ ExoS (N terminus) S. enterica/Yersinia spp./Pseudomonas aeruginosa GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Rho-family GTPases Recovery of the actin cytoskeleton after bacterial internalizati...

recent publication, Akopyan et al. (2011) provide evidence challenging this canonical “one-step” model for the transport of effector proteins, proposing that in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis at least, a “two-step” model of T3SS-dependent protein translocation may be possible. In this “two-step” process, bacterial effectors are first secreted to the surface of the bacterium and then translocated a...

Flagellin is an important stimulus for epithelial interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion because of its ability to activate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). SopE2, a Salmonella guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is also involved in intestinal inflammation. To clarify the proinflammatory mechanisms of these proteins, we examined their effects on IL-8 secretion and intracellular signaling in T84 epith...

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, respectively. A unique feature of typhoid infection is asymptomatic carriage within the gallbladder, which is linked with S Typhi transmission. Despite this, S Typhi responses to bile have been poorly studied. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of S Typhi Ty2 and a clinical S Typhi isolate belonging to t...

Salmonella Typhimurium is a major cause of human gastroenteritis. The Salmonella type III secretory system secretes virulence proteins, called effectors. Effectors are responsible for the alteration of tight junction (TJ) structure and function in intestinal epithelial cells. AvrA is a newly described bacterial effector found in Salmonella. We report here that AvrA expression stabilizes cell pe...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has a 134-kb island of DNA identified as salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI7), inserted between pheU and 'pheU (truncated), two genes for tRNA(Phe). SPI7 has genes for Vi exopolysaccharide, for type IVB pili, for putative conjugal transfer, and for sopE bacteriophage. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis following digestion with the endonuclease I-CeuI, using D...

BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that a number of serovars of Salmonella enterica may be isolated from wild birds, and it has been suggested that wild birds may play a role in the epidemiology of human and livestock salmonellosis. However, little is known about the relationship between wild bird S. enterica strains and human- and livestock- associated strains in the United Kingdom. Given t...