SpacerDB consists of all the annotated CRISPR spacer sequences in the database CRISPRdb, and was downloaded from the web site of CRISPRdb (Grissa, et al., 2007) on April 14, 2014. CRISPR spacers are not random nucleotide sequences, and are supposed to originate from the foreign invasive elements like phages (Deveau, et al., 2010). So a DR flanking sequence matching a known spacer may also be a ...

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INTRODUCTION Albuterol aerosol is commonly administered to mechanically ventilated neonates via metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with spacer. The spacer increases the dead space in the ventilation circuit, and some institutions limit the amount of time the spacer remains in line, to minimize carbon dioxide retention and the risk of hypercarbia. However, minimizing the amount of time the spacer remain...

background: the most common treatment for asthma is transferring the drug into the lungs by inhaler devices. besides, correct use of inhaled medication is required for effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. thus, it is necessary to train the patients how to use metered dose inhaler (mdi). this study aimed to determine the effect of training about mdi usage with or without spacer on maximum expirator...

The intergenic spacer (IGS) region of rDNA in Daucus carota contains at least eight kinds of repeated sequence. One sequence may act as a genuine initiation site for a stable transcript and another may act as a spacer promoter that may be an entry site for proteins required for transcription.

To synthesize ligands that are capable of coordinating two metals, 1,4-dilithiumbenzene and 4,4′-dilithiumbiphenyl were reacted with different sulfurdiimides to give coupled diimidosulfinates. [(THF)4Li2{(NSiMe3)2S}2biphenyl] (1) and [(THF)1.5Li2{(NSiMe3)2S}2biphenyl]∞ (2) could be isolated and structurally characterized. While 1 forms distinct molecules in the solid state, 2 crystallizes in in...

Background Lesions of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon are frequently associated with massive rotator cuff tears (RCT) and may be responsible for shoulder pain and disability. Objective This study aimed to evaluate functional outcomes of arthroscopic biodegradable spacer implantation with or without biceps tenotomy as treatment for persistent shoulder dysfunction and pain due to a mas...

Previously, we reported that PorA expression in Neisseria meningitidis is modulated by variation in the length of the homopolymeric tract of guanidine residues between the -35 and -10 regions of the promoter or by deletion of porA. To reveal additional mechanisms of variation in PorA expression, the meningococcal isolates from 41 patients and 19 carriers were studied. In addition, at least 3 me...

The consensus DNA binding sequence for PrrA, a global regulator in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, is poorly defined. We have performed mutational analysis of PrrA site 2, of the RSP3361 gene, to which PrrA binds in vitro (J. M. Eraso and S. Kaplan, J. Bacteriol. 191:4341-4352, 2009), to further define the consensus sequence for DNA binding. Two half-sites of equal length, containing 6 nucleotid...

Three cos-type virulent Streptococcus thermophilus phages were isolated from failed mozzarella production in Uruguay. Genome analyses showed that these phages are similar to those isolated elsewhere around the world. The CRISPR1 and CRISPR3 arrays of the three S. thermophilus host strains from Uruguay were also characterized and similarities were noted with previously described model strains SM...