BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinator-mediated selection and evolution of floral traits have long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. No other plant family shows as wide a range of pollinator-linked floral forms as Orchidaceae. In spite of the large size of this model family and a long history of orchid pollination biology, the identity and specificity of most orchid pollinators remains inadequately s...

This is a paper about wearable exoskeleton that addresses the lack of assistive devices for people with walking difficulties. The research revolves around major problem in which inpatient suffer their dependency on caretaker basic tasks such as toiletries and fetching water or food even cores themselves. People disabilities from many social mental pressures due to exclusion society just being d...

The lipid microviscosity of microsomal membranes from senescing cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Sim) flowers rises with advancing senescence. The increase in membrane microviscosity is initiated within 3 to 4 days of cutting the flowers and coincides temporaDly with petal-inroDling denoting the climacteric-like rise in ethylene production. Treatment of young cut flowers with a...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bird-pollinated (ornithophilous) Salvia species (sages) transfer pollen either by means of a staminal lever mechanism or by immovable stamens. As the distribution of the two modes within the genus is not known, we present a survey of all ornithophilous sages. The main focus is given to floral diversity especially with respect to functional lever morphology. Thereby the hypot...

--Key assumptions and components of biophysical models of hummingbird licking that are central to current interpretations of plant-pollinator coevolution have not previously been verified. To test the realism of the models, I measured fine-scale parameters of a Rufous Hummingbird's (Selasphorus rufus) licking, including licking frequency and volume extracted per lick, with a photodetector array...

last twenty years, from China in particular. In the past two decades, our knowledge of Mesozoic birds has more than doubled thanks to remarkable, and continuing, discoveries of complete bird fossils with feathers and other soft tissues from the Yixian and Jiufotang formations of northern China [2]. Remember when people said Archaeopteryx was the world's most valuable fossil, each of the ten spe...

1. The theory of electrical conductance of colloidal suspensions has been extended to cover the case of ellipsoids with three axes different. 2. The results have been applied to suspensions of ellipsoidal erythrocytes of birds. 3. It has been shown that fluctuations in electrical resistance of suspensions of erythrocytes after stirring are due to streaming orientation of the cells. 4. The theor...

(Eristalis spp.) has been fooling humans for thousands of years (Atkins, 1948). The important question in considering whether it is a true case of Batesian mimicry, however, is whether it fools their predators, which are thought to be birds. Eristalis spp. are not considered to be the best visual mimics of honeybees; other British hoverflies such as Mallota cimbiciformis (Fallén), Criorhina asi...

Arboreal birds in the Sahel are highly selective their tree choice. Most migrant, but also resident, found a few species and within those often only trees with abundant leaves flowers. For this reason alone, preferred were expected to teem birds. This was not case. bird present as singletons, even half of Senegal Eremomela pusilla – most social all recorded solitary The probability that two dif...