Food, mates and host plants are essential resources for plant-feeding insects. Optimal resource localization that fulfils the physiological need and reproductive goals of an insect is of utmost importance. Insects, like most animals, rely largely on the sense of smell to locate and evaluate potential resources that enhance their reproductive fitness. Confronted with a multitude of stimuli rangi...

spodoptera littoralis (boisd.) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is an important injurious pest of such crop plants as cotton, clover, alfalfa, sugar beet and vegetables as well. larvae of this pest feed on about 40 plant families many of which are of high economic importance. demography of s. littoralis was studied on an artificial diet at 25±2 ?c, 65±5 % rh and 16l:8d in the laboratory. data analysis ...