Redox activity was measured in vegetative and generative apical parts (5 mm of the stem) and youngest leaves of winter (cv. "G6rczański") and spring (cv. "Młochowski") rape. Both genotypes were cultured under the same growth conditions (17/15 degrees C day/night, 16 h photo-period), but winter rape was additionally vernalized (5/2 degrees C day/night, 56 days) in order to induce the generative ...

Columnar aerosol volume size distributions from March 2012 to February 2013 in Wuhan, China, were investigated with a focus on monthly and seasonal variations in the aerosol optical depths (AODs) and Ångström exponents. AOD is wavelength dependent, and for AOD at, for example, 500 nm, the seasonal averaged AOD value decreased in the order of winter (~0.84), spring (~0.83), summer (~0.76) and au...

[1] Satellite measurements allow global assessments of phytoplankton concentrations and, from observed temporal changes in biomass, direct access to net biomass accumulation rates (r). For the subarctic Atlantic basin, analysis of annual cycles in r reveals that initiation of the annual blooming phase does not occur in spring after stratification surpasses a critical threshold but rather occurs...

In seasonally breeding mammals, vernal reproductive development is not directly triggered by increases in day length, rather, an endogenous program of photorefractoriness to short winter days initiates spontaneous development in advance of spring. The transition to the reproductive phenotype is energetically demanding. How food availability in late winter and early spring impacts the onset and ...

The response to vernalization and the expression of genes associated with responses to vernalization (VRNH1, VRNH2, and VRNH3) and photoperiod (PPDH1 and PPDH2) were analysed in four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines: 'Alexis' (spring), 'Plaisant' (winter), SBCC058, and SBCC106 (Spanish inbred lines), grown under conditions of vernalization and short days (VSD) or no vernalization and long days...

abstract plants growth and development and physiological activities occur in a certain air temperature range. spit of this fact that zero temperature named as a freezing temperature, in agriculture meteorology, freezing happen in lower temperature which is different for plants that lead to their tissues damage. early autumn freezing cause damage to harvesting of cotton and sugar beet and affect...

Gut pigment content of the mesozooplankton community in Santa Monica Basin, California, USA was examined on 3 winter-spring and 3 autumn cruises between October 1985 and February 1988. Mean chlorophyll concentrations for the upper 70 m varied from 0.30 to 0.32 mg m-3 for autumn cruises and from 0.35 to 1.7 mg m-3 for winter-spring cruises. Larger crustacean zooplankton species, particularly the...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cold is a major constraint for cereal cultivation under temperate climates. Winter-hardy plants interpret seasonal changes and can acquire the ability to resist sub-zero temperatures. This cold acclimation process is associated with physiological, biochemical and molecular alterations in cereals. Brachypodium distachyon is considered a powerful model system to study the resp...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene expression was investigated to elucidate its role in drought and freezing tolerance in spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). cDNAs encoding chloroplastic Cu/ZnSODs and mitochondrial MnSODs were isolated from wheat. MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD genes were mapped to the long arms of the homologous group-2 and -7 chromosomes, respectively. Northern blots indicated that...