Computational models are developed to predict the natural convection heat transfer and buoyancy for a Montgolfiere under conditions relevant to the Titan atmosphere. Idealized single and double-walled balloon geometries are simulated using algorithms suitable for both laminar and (averaged) turbulent convection. Steady-state performance results are compared to existing heat transfer coefficient...

The atmospheric structure of chemically peculiar stars deviates from that of normal stars with similar fundamental parameters due to unusual chemistry, abundance inhomogeneities and the presence of strong magnetic field. These effects are not considered in the standard model atmospheres, possibly leading to large errors in the stellar parameter determination and abundance analysis. To tackle th...

Turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere is a major obstacle to the detection of planets with coronographic and interferometric methods from the ground. It limits the contrast achievable with high-resolution imaging and the precision of astrometric measurements. Atmospheric turbulence also determines many of the key design parameters of adaptive optics systems and interferometers: site selection, o...

attar is one of the first poets who had seriously narrated a story in their lyric poems. bringing up a narrative in such kind of lyrics is merely a means of a literary form, but can be considered as an epistemological structure. in these narratives and in the progress of their meaning making, attar has effectively used the ruling broking atmosphere of his poems. in these narratives, the atmosph...

Excellence: a desire to maintain a standard of knowledge and competence that exceeds ordinary expectations, and includes a commitment to lifelong learning. Some examples of behaviors that exhibit excellence include: a. Contributing to an atmosphere of learning b. Putting forth effort which goes beyond what is needed solely for the purpose of achieving a grade in a course c. Not exhibiting anti-...

Standard lidar systems provide profiles of the attenuated backscatter signal. These can be assembled into images with spatial and temporal resolution adequate for practically all problems of atmospheric research. However, the attenuated backscatter signal is a quantity that is composed of different atmospheric properties. Extremely valuable for an assessment of the state of the atmosphere, they...