Standards are a feature of all information and communication technology markets, including cloud computing. This article examines various strands of standards development in the cloud market, in respect of technical, informational and evaluative matters. It considers the concern expressed by the European Commission in 2012 that there was a „jungle of standards‟ posing a potential barrier to clo...

Directives are addressed to the Governments of the Member States (MS). They stipulate the results to be achieved and the deadline(s), but leave the form of the legislation and the methods to be decided by each of the MS. Regulations are directly applicable and binding in all MS on the date of publication in the Official Journal. There are also Council or Commission Decisions that apply specific...

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has formulated recommendations concerning the philosophy of radiation protection. This philosophy has been used by the IAEA, World Health Organization (WHO), International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) for preparation in 1982 of the r...

In 1900, measuring the purity of sugar was a problem with serious economic consequences, and Congress created the Bureau of Standards in part to create accurate standards for saccharimetry. To direct the Polarimetry Section, Director Stratton hired the young chemist Frederick Bates, who went on to make significant contributions to the discipline of sugar chemistry. This paper explores four of B...

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is a premier international organisation for the protection of workers, patients, and the public against ionising radiation. It was established in 1928 to advance, for the public benefit, the science of radiological protection, with its work in the early years focusing mainly on occupational exposure in medicine. The name 'Internatio...