The study of the fundamentals ? ? ? and ? phase transformations induced by high-pressure torsion (HPT) in Ti–Nb-based alloys is presented current work. Prior to HPT, three with 5, 10, 20 wt% Nb were annealed temperature range 700–540°C order obtain (? + ?)-phase state a different amount ?-phase. samples for long time reach equilibrium content ?-solid solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)...

The name martensite is after the German scientist Martens. It was used originally to describe the hard microconstituent found in quenched steels. Martensite remains of the greatest technological importance in steels where it can confer an outstanding combination of strength (> 3500MPa) and toughness (> 200MPam 1 2 ). Many materials other than steel are now known to exhibit the same type of soli...

We find an optimal quantum cloning machine, which clones qubits of arbitrary symmetrical distribution around the Bloch vector with the highest fidelity. The process is referred to as the phaseindependent cloning in contrast to the standard phase-covariant cloning for which an input qubit state is a priori better known. We assume that the information about the input state is encoded in an arbitr...