In the presence of intertemporal substitution, static demand estimation yields biased estimates and fails to recover long run price responses. Our goal is to present a computationally simple way to estimate dynamic demand using aggregate data. Previous work on demand dynamics is computationally intensive and relies on (hard to obtain) household level data. We estimate the model using store leve...

Ocean acidification (OA) studies typically use stable open-ocean pH or CO2 values. However, species living within dynamic coastal environments can naturally experience wide fluctuations in abiotic factors, suggesting their responses to stable pH conditions may not be reflective of either present or near-future conditions. Here we investigate the physiological responses of the mussel Mytilus edu...

PURPOSE To assess central retinal function in patients with advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using the multifocal (mf)ERG and static perimetry. METHODS Patients with RP; a nonrecordable, full-field (ff)ERG; and visual acuity (VA) of </= 1.0 logMAR were included. All patients underwent mfERG testing (103 hexagons, and 2.67 and 5.33 cd . s . m(-2) flash intensities) and static perimetry (103 ...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate sensorimotor integration in the upper limb of 10 patients with Parkinson's disease and 10 age-matched controls. Non-conditioned and subthreshold conditioned (2 ms interstimulus interval) responses were recorded in the flexor and extensor carpi radialis muscles (FCR and ECR) of the more impaired (non-dominant) limb. Stimuli were del...

The responses of vestibulospinal neurons to 0.5-Hz, whole-body rotations in three-dimensional space and static tilts of whole-body position were studied in decerebrate and alert cats. The neurons' spatial properties for earth-vertical rotations were characterized by maximum and minimum sensitivity vectors (R(max) and R(min)) in the cat's horizontal plane. The orientation of a neuron's R(max) wa...

We readily use the form of human figures to determine if they are moving. Human figures that have arms and legs outstretched (articulated) appear to be moving more than figures where the arms and legs are near the body (standing). We tested whether neurons in the macaque monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region known to be involved in processing social stimuli, were sensitive to the degr...

PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that changes in accommodation after instillation of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (PHCl) observed in some studies could be caused by changes in optics. METHODS We performed two experiments to test the effects of PHCl on static and on dynamic accommodation in 8 and 6 subjects, respectively. Objective wavefront measurements were recorded of the static accommodatio...

We tested the hypothesis that static contraction causes greater reflex cardiovascular responses than dynamic contraction at equivalent workloads [i.e., same tension-time index (TTI), holding either contraction time or peak tension constant] in chloralose-anesthetized cats. When time was held constant and tension was allowed to vary, dynamic contraction of the hindlimb muscles evoked greater inc...