Significant progress has been made in the area of advanced modes of operation that are candidates for achieving steady state conditions in a fusion reactor. The corresponding parameters, domain of operation, scenarios and integration issues of advanced scenarios are discussed in this chapter. A review of the presently developed scenarios, including discussions on operational space, is given. Si...

The steady-state phototropic bending of Phycomyces sporangiophores was studied using apparatus designed to keep the growing zone vertical and the angle of illumination constant over long periods of time. The bending speed is quite constant if the intensity and angle of illumination are fixed. A phototropic inversion occurs in response to a sudden change in intensity, either an increase or a dec...

a) Ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de spectroscopie ultrarapide, ISIC, FSB-BSP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland b) Ecole polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de chimie et biochimie computationnelles, ISIC, FSBBSP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland c) Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. d) Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisic...

A new distinction between two kinds of state constraints is introduced and proved important for solving the Ramiication Problem in Reasoning about Actions. Steady constraints never, not even for an instant, cease to being in force. As such they give rise to truly instantaneous indirect eeects of actions. Stabilizing state constraints, on the other hand, may be suspended for a short period of ti...

We study the steady state of the abelian sandpile models with stochastic toppling rules. The particle addition operators commute with each other, but in general these operators need not be diagonalizable. We use their abelian algebra to determine their eigenvalues, and the Jordan block structure. These are then used to determine the probability of different configurations in the steady state. W...

Collective impact ionization has been used to exT1ain lock-on in semi-insulating GaAs under highvohage bias. W7ehave used this theory to study some of the steady state properties of lock-on current filaments. In steady state, the heat gained from the field is exactly compensated by the cooling due to phonon scattering. In the simplest approximation, the carrier distribution approaches a quasi-e...

This essay presents a theoretical description of the superradiance phenomenon, in which both the quantal and the classical aspects are discussed. Starting from the simple two-level atom-small sample Dicke model, we successively introduce various complications inherent to a realistic superradiance experiment: effects of Van der Waals interaction between the atoms, propagation and diffraction of ...

When roads are clear, traffic proceeds as a continuous flow of cars; if the road is blocked, everything comes to a standstill. However, anyone stuck in the office rush knows life is more complex—traffic tends to move in waves, often slowing down to an annoying stop-andgo. Traffic congestion also makes life difficult for electrons in nanodevices. We tend to think of charge carriers as experienci...

Electrophoretic image displays (EPIDs) are a very promising solution in the search for low-power, paper like reflective displays. While the technology is already mature, little is known about the internal physical properties. In this paper, we will describe which elements contribute to the charge transport and give an explanation of the steady state current. The contribution of the surfactant m...