L.L. Jacoby's (1991) "process dissociation procedure" was used to quantitatively estimate the contributions of color-naming and word-reading processes to responding on the Stroop task. The results show that color naming and word reading can operate independently to determine responses. Degrading stimulus colors eliminated the typical asymmetry between Stroop facilitation and interference, as pr...

Discussions of the source of the Stroop interference effect continue to pervade the literature. Semantic competition posits that interference results from competing semantic activation of word and color dimensions of the stimulus prior to response selection. Response competition posits that interference results from competing responses for articulating the word dimension vs. the color dimension...

Activation mechanisms such as arousal are known to be responsible for slowdown observed in the Emotional Stroop and modified Stroop tasks. Using the duality of mind perspective, we may conclude that both ways of processing information (automatic or controlled) should have their own mechanisms of activation, namely, arousal for an experiential mind, and subjective significance for a rational min...

Creative potential has been variably associated with disinhibition and defocused attention, focused attention and effective cognitive control, or a flexible adaption of cognitive control. The present study examined the relationship between creativity and cognitive control in a sample of design students and a control group. Cognitive control was assessed by a modified Stroop color naming task, i...

The Stroop task is the most widely used task for examining executive functioning. A variety of modified Stroop tasks have been created over the years. These tasks use a combination of emotionally charged words and neutral words or Xs. In general, it takes longer to identify the color of the print for emotionally charged words compared to the neutral condition. This finding has been found with s...

BACKGROUND The Stroop Color-Word Test is a classic instrument for the assessment of selective attention and inhibition control and is a highly utilized instrument in research aspects of executive functions of the brain. The purpose of the present study was a preliminary standardization of Stroop test among Iranian bilingual adolescents. METHODS In this study, 150 subjects, including three gro...

Cognitive mechanisms have been proposed to play an important role in tinnitus. In the present study, tinnitus participants were administered an emotional Stroop test via the Internet, incorporating words related to tinnitus concerns. In line with previous research using this Web-based version of the emotional Stroop test, faster color naming was demonstrated for concern-relevant words relative ...

Mood congruence refers to the tendency of individuals to attend to information more readily when it has the same emotional content as their current mood state. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether attentional interference occurred for participants in sad mood states for emotionally relevant stimuli (mood-congruence), and to determine whether this interference occurred for both ...

In the classical Stroop effect, response times for naming the color in which a word is printed are affected by the presence of semantic, phonological, or orthographic relationships between the stimulus word and the response word. We show that color naming responses are faster when the printed word shares a phoneme with the color name to be produced than when it does not, in conditions where the...

Age-related differences in the reduction of Stroop interference were explored by comparing the performance of 18 younger (of mean age: 30.0±3.9 years) and 18 older healthy adults (of mean age: 75±7.2 years) in a color-word Stroop task. The aim of this study was to determine whether a decrease in the efficiency of inhibitory mechanisms associated with aging could account for age-related differen...