Single crystals of Mn 1.3 2Ni 0.85 Cu 0.83 BO 5 with the ludwigite structure were obtained by solution-melt method during spontaneous crystallization. The concentration copper, manganese and nickel ions was determined transmission microscopy. Manganese are included in compounds divalent trivalent states. study temperature field dependences showed that we have several magnetic transitions. first...

The structure, IR absorption, luminescence, and luminescence excitation spectra of La 0.99-x Y x Eu 0.01 BO 3 orthoborates synthesized at 970 o C were studied 0≤ x≤0.99. An increase in leads to a sequential change the structural state these compounds. At x≤0.1, samples are single-phase have aragonite structure. Within range 0.1<x≤0.8, two-phase: vaterite phase is observed along with 0.8&...

Niching enables a genetic algorithm (GA) to maintain diversity in a population. It is particularly useful when the problem has multiple optima where the aim is to find all or as many as possible of these optima. When the fitness landscape of a problem changes overtime, the problem is called non–stationary, dynamic or time–variant problem. In these problems, niching can maintain useful solutions...

Computational reflection is a fundamental mechanism in object oriented languages. Reflection has proved useful in many contexts, such as in the design of development environments, language extension, and the dynamic, unanticipated adaptation of running systems. We identify three problems with the current approach to reflection in object oriented languages: partial behavioral reflection needs to...

Configuring consists in simulating the realization of a complex product from a catalog of component parts, using known relations between types, and picking values for object attributes. This highly combinatorial problem in the field of constraint programming has been addressed with a variety of approaches since the foundation system R1[9]. An inherent difficulty in solving configuration problem...