We examine a hitherto unstudied debate, turning on the epistemology of value judgements, between Ashʿarīs and Baṣran Muʿtazilīs late eleventh twelfth centuries. Al-Ghazālī al-Rāzī countered Muʿtazilī ethical realism, here defended by al-Malāḥimī, developing an emotive subjectivism underpinned increasingly sophisticated psychological accounts motivation. Value they maintained, arise not from kno...

‘Subjective probability: the real thing’ is the last book written by the late Richard Jeffrey, a key proponent of the Bayesian interpretation of probability. Bayesians hold that probability is a mental notion: saying that the probability of rain is 0.7 is just saying that you believe it will rain to degree 0.7. Degrees of belief are themselves cashed out in terms of bets—in this case you consid...

<p>This study analyzed teacher evaluation in school, through involving different internal evaluators, order to determine the extent which they evaluate performance accurately and objectively. Evaluation survey instruments are used this study, designed based criteria of existing system context, along with other for evaluating teachers. The sample included teachers, heads departments studen...

one of the most significant issues in meta–ethics is moral realism, which has been criticized so much. one of the main criticisms of it has been offered by j.l. mackie. he believes that moral properties depend upon our feelings and emotions and they don't refer to reality; so, they have no causal explanation and cannot give us any knowledge. therefore any judgment about moral properties is...

The article analyzes the features of development small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in context COVID-19 pandemic. There revealed negative trends associated with disproportionality sectoral structure business low enterprises’ innovative activity. key measures state support for entrepreneurship taken by Government Russian Federation period 2020–2021 are considered. expediency stimulating b...

The paper compares Pierre Bourdieu?s sociological approach with the one developed by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. aim of is to identify complementarities incongruences these approaches. main similarity consists in intention ?dialectically? overcome/bridge gap between ?objectivism? ?subjectivism? social theory. Another parallel includes a negative attitude towards relativistic tendencies po...

To increase the level of adequacy in multi-criteria decision-making case uncertainty, it is essential to reduce subjectivism and reality obtained results. The study aims propose a novel fuzzy method based on linear programming sequential interactive model for urban systems (SIMUS), named SIMUS. This paper something completely different because links power with advantage SIMUS method. Indeed, no...

Every civilization has a system of ethics that defines their values and morality. The basic concepts "Good" "Evil" are also derived from system. This gains its inspiration the world view particular civilization. Islam, like all other religions, give complete moral code for believers. Qur’ān Sunnah here is only criterion determining principles Ethics Islam hence morality in objective as well abs...