BACKGROUND Investigations on adverse biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in the lung by in vitro studies are usually performed under submerged conditions where NPs are suspended in cell culture media. However, the behaviour of nanoparticles such as agglomeration and sedimentation in such complex suspensions is difficult to control and hence the deposited cellular dose often remains unknow...

Surface-based cages are the dominant production technology for marine finfish aquaculture industry. However, issues such as extreme weather events, poor environmental conditions, interactions with parasites, and conflicts other coastal users problematic surface-based aquaculture. Submerged may reduce many of these problems commercial interest in their use has increased. a broad synthesis resear...

(Received: Feb. 24, 2013; Accepted in Revised Form: April 9, 2013) Abstract: Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent, as a secondary metabolite of Penicillium brevicompactum. Parameter optimization of culture composition using Test plan L16, available in the form of an orthogonal array and software for automatic design and analysis of the experiments, both based on ...

Volvariella volvacea, strain V14, produces multiple forms of extracellular laccase when grown in submerged culture in a defined medium with glucose as sole carbon source, and on cotton waste 'compost' representative of the conditions used for industrial-scale mushroom cultivation. In liquid culture, enzyme synthesis is associated with the onset of secondary growth, and is positively regulated b...

Pluripotent cells of a teratocarcinoma clonal line differentiate into various tissues when they are cultivated in submerged cultures. We describe here the formation of endodermal vesicles and blood islands in organotypic cultures of such cells. These are the first macroscopically visible tissues to appear in organ culture and they give rise to megalocytes, the ultimate stage of blood cell evolu...

Betalains biosynthesis and antiradical scavenging activity were investigated during cultivation of four hairy root cultures of Beta vulgaris, obtained from different cultivars (Bordo, Egyptian, Detroit 2 and Detroit Dark Red). The best producer of betalains was a hairy root culture from Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit Dark Red (13.27 mg/g dry weight total pigment production). The ethanol extract, der...

Acid phosphatase activities in a culture liquid and mycelial extract were studied in submerged cultures of the filamentous fungus Humicola lutea 120-5 in casein-containingmedia with and without inorganic phosphate (Pi). The Pi-repressible influence on the phosphatase formation was demonstrated. Significant changes in the distribution of acid phosphatase between the mycelial extract and culture ...

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system, and its application in drugs and functional foods has attracted great attention. To enhance production of γ-aminobutyric acid, Lactobacillus rhamnosus YS9, a strain isolated from Chinese traditional fermented food pickled vegetable, was grown under submerged fermentation. Its cultivation conditions were...

We have reported on high enzyme production by submerged culture of Aspergillus kawachii using barley with the husk (whole barley). To elucidate the mechanism underlying this high enzyme production, we performed a detailed analysis. Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 was submerged-cultured using whole barley and milled whole barley. Enzyme production was analyzed in terms of changes in medium components a...