[1] Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as ‘‘virtual water trade.’’ Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., ‘‘green water’’), though irrigation (i.e., ‘‘blue water’’) does play an important role. These d...

by William M. Alley1, Lisa Beutler2, Michael E. Campana3, Sharon B. Megdal4, and John C. Tracy5 1Corresponding author: National Ground Water Association, 4731 Winona Ave., San Diego, CA 92115; 619-922-2544; [email protected] 2MWH Americas, 3301 C Street, Suite 1900, Sacramento, CA 95816. 3Technical Director, American Water Resources Association, P.O. Box 1626, Middleburg, VA 20118. 4University of...

This study used trend, correlation, and wavelet analysis to characterize Lake Chad (LC) level fluctuations, river discharge, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and precipitation regimes and their interrelationships. Linear correlation results indicate a negative association between ENSO and LC level, river discharge and precipitation. Trend analysis shows increasing precipitation in the Lake ...

As key economic, ecological and demographic trends converge to reshape Africa and its relationship with the outside world, a new politics is emerging in the twenty-first century around the water-food-energy nexus, which is central to the continent's relevance in the global economy. On the one hand, Malthusian anxieties are proliferating; pessimists link population growth and growing water scarc...

Water is the first and foremost limiting factor for agricultural production, and undoubtedly, water crisis is considered as one of the international challenges for governments and human societies. Given that virtual water was first used as a way to tackle water scarcity in countries with limited water resources, so that countries with low water should import food from abundant countries...