Drug counterfeiting is one of the major issues in the pharmaceutical industry across the world. These products could cause damages from ineffective treatments to death of patients. In order to fight against counterfeit drugs, the US government introduced Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) mandating that all prescription drugs should be serialized. In addition, it mandates all pharmaceutical...

We study the strategic design of a supply chain for new products. Planning a supply chain for a new product requires addressing both uncertainties in demand and cost and changes in market conditions over time. We develop a mathematical programming model for new products that includes both financial viability and robustness relative to uncertainty. An example based on a Fortune 200 company’s eff...

In today’s globalization, the success of an industry is dependent on cost effective supply chain management under various markets, logistics and production uncertainties. Uncertainties in the supply chain usually decrease profit, i.e. increase total supply chain cost. Demand uncertainty and constraints posed by the every echelon are important factors to be considered in the supply chain design ...

Cross-border E-commerce has grown exponentially in the past decade in global market. To gain global competition in product-convergent markets, China’s over 200 thousands cross-border E-commerce businesses have focused more on the service and cost control of supply chain downstream. In this study, we analyse three strategic cost control measures, summarise ten evaluation criteria for cost and de...

the power supply of remote sites and applications at minimal cost and with low emissions is an important issue when discussing future energy concepts. this paper presents modeling and optimization of a photovoltaic (pv)/wind/diesel system with batteries storage for electrification to an off-grid remote area located in rafsanjan, iran. for this location, different hybrid systems are studied and ...

There have been two broad theories of inflation, namely the demand-pull theory of inflation (that is nowadays mainly the monetary theory of inflation) and the cost-push theory of inflation. The mainstream macroeconomics views inflation as a monetary phenomenon in the long run. Iran has experienced double-digit rates of inflation for about four decades. Our main aim is an explanation for the lon...

today the domain of competition in production and operation has been changed to supply chains for independent firms. in this problem material flow is very important among three flows, financial, information and materials. traditional approach is dominated in supply, production and distribution planning at most iranian industrial cooperation. it means that each of these unit are planning their a...

Batch size is an important issue in a supply chain system. It affects stock, cost, and service quality. This paper presents a batch-size decision method to determine the optimal batch size for a supply chain system. The goal of this method is to minimize the total cost of a supply chain at a reasonable service level. The proposed method first applies a mathematical model to finding the possible...

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers unique production characteristics which among those, toollessness and production of complex geometries are potentially significant to operations efficiency. Previous research has illustrated the potential sufficiency of this technology to affect the supply chains‟ arrangements and enabling decentralized production configurations. While, one of the important ad...