Elevation gradients are frequently used as space-for-time substitutions to infer species' trait responses to climate change. However, studies rarely investigate whether trait responses to elevation are widespread or population-specific within a species, and the relative genetic and plastic contributions to such trait responses may not be well understood. Here, we examine plant trait variation i...

(Ghil [14]) Assume that higher elevation of the ice sheet surface results in colder ice-sheet surface temperature, therefore in less ablation, and therefore in more net accumulation (i.e. opposite of the elevation-desert effect). As the ice volume increases, the ice sheet sinks into the bedrock, moving more of the the glacier surface area into an elevation of less accumulation/ more ablation (o...

We studied tree height in stands of high-Andean Polylepis forests in two cordilleras near Cuzco (Peru) with respect to variations in human impact and climatic conditions, and compared air and soil temperatures between qualitatively defined dry and humid slopes. We studied 46 forest plots of 100 m(2) of five Polylepis species at 3560-4680 m. We measured diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree h...

BACKGROUND Knowledge about the pattern of rotation during arm elevation is necessary for a full understanding of shoulder function, and it is also useful for planning of rehabilitation protocols to restore range of motion in shoulders in disorder. However, there are insufficient in vivo data available. METHODS; We investigated dynamic arm rotation during elevation in different planes using 30 s...

Salt marshes play a key role in attenuating wave energy and promoting sedimentation necessary to potentially adapt sea level rise. The changes the soil surface elevation, as result of spatially temporally varied pattern, affect hydrodynamics, marsh edge extension so rate. Little attention has yet been paid medium-term sedim\entation under influence extension. To fill this gap, we performed 6-ye...

The littoral zone varies in size among lakes from ∼3% to 100% of lake surface area. In this paper, we derive a simple theoretical scaling relationship that explains variation, and test theory using bathymetric data across the spectra freshwater (surface area = 0.01–82,103 km2, maximum depth 2–1,741 m). Littoral primarily reflects ratio photosynthesis depth. However, are similar these characteri...

Observed changes in the surface elevation of the Greenland Ice Sheet are caused by ice dynamics, basal elevation change, basal melt, surface mass balance (SMB) variability, and by compaction of the overlying firn. The last two contributions are quantified here using a firn model that includes compaction, meltwater percolation, and refreezing. The model is forced with surface mass fluxes and tem...

Like most other ocean basins, the maximum sea surface salinity region (MSR) in South Atlantic shows a large displacement from of difference between evaporation and precipitation (E-P), suggesting that processes play key role determining location MSR. We use outputs general circulation model (ECCO v4r3) to analyze mixed layer balance disentangle interaction atmospheric forcing oceanic both regio...