In this paper we discuss a choice between the diffractive and refractive binary micro-lenses for the longwave IR FPA. To investigate diffraction on the micro-lenses we have used a numerical code based-on the rigorous electromagnetic theory, because neither geometrical optics nor thin element approach of scalar diffraction theory can correctly describe waveguide, shadowing and interference effec...

One- and two-dimensional high-spatial-frequency dielectric surface-relief gratings on a Au substrate are used to design a high-reflectance quarter-wave retarder at 70° angle of incidence and 10.6-μm light wavelength. The equivalent homogeneous anisotropic layer model is used. It is shown that equal and high reflectances (>98.5%) for the p and the spolarizations and quarter-wave retardation can ...

We propose the use of binary slanted surface-relief gratings with parallel-groove walls as input and output couplers in a planar optical interconnect. Parametric optimization of cascaded output couplers is employed to design an interconnect consisting of N output couplers producing a uniform intensity distribution with a high efficiency that may be realized in one lithographic etching step. The...

Closed form analytical solutions of diffraction efficiency for transmission surface relief gratings in the resonance domain are presented. These are obtained by modeling the surface relief gratings with equivalent graded index gratings having Bragg properties, so as to allow for an optimum choice of grating parameters that would lead to high diffraction efficiencies. The calculated and experime...

In order to assess the influence of illumination direction on shape constancy, we studied the pictorial relief of computer images of globular 3-D objects. We used two globally convex objects, one with a furrow and one with a dimple. Observers adjusted local surface attitude probes at 200-250 different locations in the image such that they seemed to lie on the pictorial surface. We manipulated t...

Texture can be an effective source of information for perception of slant and curvature. A computational assumption required for some texture cues is that texture must be flat along a surface. There are many textures which violate this assumption, and have some sort of texture relief: variations perpendicular to the surface. Some examples include grass, which has vertical elements, or scattered...

An analysis of technologies that allow creating microrelief structures on the surface sapphire substrates has been carried out. It is shown most effective method forming relief with submicron dimensions ion beam etching through a protective mask formed by photolithography. The main problems in are removal static electric charge process substrates, as well obtaining windows specified sizes, whic...

Introduction: Relief inversion explains a wide range of sinuous and dendritic ridges on the martian surface as well as elevated craters [1]. The process occurs when former depressions become elevated because their fill is more resistant to erosion than the surrounding terrain. On Mars the most likely cementing agents for surface induration are iron oxides, opalline silica, sulfates and perhaps ...