Using a new data set, we estimate the magnitude of the incumbency advantage in direct primary elections between 1910 to 2000. We ̄nd that the incumbency advantage, as estimated by the sophomore surge, was above 5 percentage points in primary elections even in the ̄rst decades of the twentieth century. The sophomore surge in primary elections grew to approximately 15 percentage points by the end...

Storm surge is dependent on wind direction, with maximum surge heights occurring when strong winds blow onshore. It is less obvious what happens when a port city is situated at the end of a long narrow gulf, like Venice at the northwestern end of the Adriatic Sea. Does the narrow marine approach to the port city limit the dangerous wind direction to a span of only a few degrees? This modeling s...

There are variations in the onset of cardiovascular events. As diurnal variation, most studies have shown an increased incidence of acute cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke in the morning.1 In addition, weekly and seasonal variations in the cardiovascular events have also been reported.2 These variations may be closely associated with amb...

Okada Y, Galbreath MM, Shibata S, Jarvis SS, Bivens TB, Vongpatanasin W, Levine BD, Fu Q. Morning blood pressure surge is associated with arterial stiffness and sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive seniors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 305: H793–H802, 2013. First published July 5, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00254.2013.—Morning blood pressure (BP) surge is considered to be an in...

S tatewide, values of average Indiana cropland increased by 14.2% in the year ending in June 1996, nearly double the 7.4% increase a year ago. According to the Purdue land values survey, this is the ninth consecutive year of increasing Indiana land values. Increases of around 35% were registered in both the first and last third of this 9 year period. There was a lull in the upward trend during ...