statement of the problem: trigeminal neuralgia (tn) presents with a shooting pain in maxillofacial region which compels the involved patients to visit many medical and dental physicians to relieve the pain. hence, assessing the outcomes of different treatment modalities may help the patients and their clinicians choose a suitable practical method of treatment.  purpose: the study was aimed to e...

a 4-day-old holstein bull calf with considerable oedema of the belly (water belly) was referred to theveterinary teaching hospital of the school of veterinary medicine, shiraz university. the owner did notobserve any urination since birth. rupture of the urethra was suspected. perineal urethrotomy was performed. subsequently, catheterization of urethra revealed the obstruction near the external...