We propose a new algorithm for constructing redundant trees over any edge or node-redundant network in order to perform automatic protection switching in the presence of edge or node failures. Existing redundancy schemes and their topological requirements are reviewed. We describe our algorithm and give an overview of its essential properties. The algorithm is polynomial in the number of nodes....

A government policy regarding the reduction of state shares in state-owned enterprises (SOE) triggered a crash in the Chinese stock market. The sustained depression even after policy adjustments constitutes a puzzle— the so called “state-share paradox.”The empirical evidence shows that the sustained depression is supported by a regime switching model with an absorbing state. The theoretical exp...

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is currently used inside Autonomous Systems (ASs) for Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) or Traffic Engineering purposes. We first discuss the Service Provider’s requirements for the utilization of MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across AS boundaries. Then we propose a minimum set of extensions to RSVP-TE that allow to establish inter-AS LSPs in accordance wit...

this paper presents a novel control method to improve the efficiency of low-voltage dc-dc converters at light loads. pulse width modulation (pwm) converters have poor efficiencies at light loads, while pulse frequency modulation (pfm) control is more efficient for the same cases. switching losses constitute a major portion of the total power loss at light loads. to decrease the switching losses...

Redundancy or standby is a provision which plays an important role in improving the reliability of engineering systems. This investigation deals with the reliability and sensitivity analysis of a repairable system (consisting of hardware and software components) with warm standbys and switching failures. The failure and repair rates of the components are assumed to follow exponential distributi...

Utilities invest signi cant time and nances into substation maintenance in order to anticipate failures or accelerated aging in power equipment. Current practices include regular insulation condition tests for switching devices, reactors, power transformers, and so on. Many of the indicators of equipment condition are imprecise, unreliable and costly to obtain on a regular basis. To achieve use...

Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document describes a simple...

The next generation backbone networks, optical IP/MPLS networks, enable increasingly higher volumes of information to be transported. In this network architecture, a fiber failure can result in a loss of several terabits of data per second and leads to multiple failures in the upper network layer. Thus, the ability of the network to maintain an acceptable level of reliability has become crucial...

In this paper, we propose a general survivability quantification framework which is applicable to a wide range of system architectures, applications, failure/recovery behaviors, and desired metrics. We show how this framework can be used to derive survivability measures based on different definitions and extend it to other measures not covered by current definitions which can provide helpful in...

This document summarizes some of the OAM tools defined in the IETF in the context of IP unicast, MPLS, MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP), pseudowires, and Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL). This document focuses on tools for detecting and isolating failures in networks and for performance monitoring. Control and management aspects of OAM are outside the scope of this document....